R\{اMSx)ȋP(Gq9?ݚIȮ"mbFpiIijBBjŠ!NŠ!NŠ!NŠ!NzVl$G7dm'E`G7dm'El`$dht) (/: lm$l6,`|߾l{%$ably$Bڣ2 '+l$'?gytp'$2c; ,-tU $kb?tO$({G6^27ut$ 1~ Q&tx$}JK!]{K3‹ӕPgM,v $`dht) (/: $`l6,`|߾$`ab$`Bڣ2 '+$`'?gyK3‹0e $AN`,깚   ,,0ec,?|AQ,-=mi zV$`2c; ,-$`kb?$`({G6^27u$` 1~ Q&$` }JK!]{(` -L@~Ko<-H 1-H`gMFU-H Y0 Y0 dy9K3‹zV `dht) (/: $K3‹zVpdht) (/: 耀#` |np!칚!$`܊m%I(`R0gF8/z-H 0-H 7-H) -H -H -H h7K3‹ z @# .315.56 pRACalibri @CF J     h%&' zy x  $$ 4`6 .3u$Michele Di Cosmo u$Michele Di Cosmo z @# .3domenica 18 marzo 2007 RACalibri @CF J    *h!"# zy x  $$ 4`6 .3u$Michele Di Cosmo u$Michele Di Cosmo  $z $  4 >`6}}?@?@?? z@#a`6Appunti di Sistemi operativi HACalibri"@CDTF J  C ,"^  zy x  $$`6 .3u$Michele Di Cosmo z $  >`6}}?@?@??@ z> $`6 z"#`6Autori: Michele Di Cosmo  Eleonora Annigoni  http://www.sugata.eu ACalibri`@DF J @B DF J  @B DF J  C ,((((zy x  $$`6`6z@#`6MSe queste pagine vi sono state utili considerate di spedirmi una cartolina. y^DACalibri@DF J  C ZPZzy x  $$`6`6z>B@#`6AQuesto/a opera pubblicato sotto una Licenza Creative Commons. 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Uu +!HfջwoYPddn&pܹիWg(YVvVV (} 2ژ__"6lX~6o mqvѡwRc䔺XH)eFp'wHx^p=>&MF_&_~=Idd_l d^Cݚ5jŗ3K3 }o[*BJ_~%fnn]ZfXRC__|Bj !Qә8X܅NHefMvtr֨d\.M}r ``gKa6IrHgK)u1d7xKJ([+VG Wٶm۱cǂ"4·0+Wh>3d4,Y]HhKUQD򧙅 ;v蚜GB"dT>TY1<{V<%/l2NR8kC .] HV-uV@U Չr0,YA ҡcoo7 S"c$ѫAn>|e߾}0Cݏss[Ъ32Q^O)-qڵ81bk3[11{vfp8q.ĉk@[n۞36 ة7G:9;SN) +B5|@Azv3 d uk&d+Q+.LTR^K:U3 .~dݽjIJʊ~iR'ڧY5+=Eg5D%(1JK֮>~b%B'cB)P_D_{KX28`(5c]&0˃ YmԒIENDB`zy x  $$`6`6uSid z $  >`6H?@?@?PA? ?@ z $$LMNOu<0_$`6??@@PAA??>>$Michele Di Cosmo ?>BI9haDeCrC&6YUjLq*P $0e_D0Jm;=mi:Appunti di Sistemi operativizV-LTA-H!3-H -H-H -H'-H -H-H -Hh7-H_ ,-HP -HI-H?  -H! -H -H "-H!-H -H #-H&-H%-H $ -H'Y0 Y0 dK3‹zV `l6,`|߾$K3‹zVpl6,`|߾耀TO"_Hڄ4`f#칚!$`mQy- .l\;Z5(`AR2Na,R:-H# 0-H# 7-Hb#) -HL# -HE#=-H;#  K3‹ z @#h.321.43 pRACalibri @CF J     h zy x  $$ 4`6h.3u$Michele Di Cosmo u$Michele Di Cosmo z @#h.3domenica 18 marzo 2007 pRACalibri @CF J    *h zy x  $$ 4`6h.3u$Michele Di Cosmo u$Michele Di Cosmo z $  4 >`6_?@?@?? z@#q.38 - Gestione della memoria HACalibri"@CDTF J   * ^ zy x  $$`6k.3u$Michele Di Cosmo z $  >`6_?@?@??@ z> $`6 zR  0/3- Arial-z>B@#;/3 Sommario PACalibri@DF J    fBook to read;/3;/3zy x  $$&$`61/3zR  D23- Arial-z>B@#23-Segmentazione con paginazione a due livelli RACalibri @DF J    >0h zy x  $$&$`6C23zR   /3- Arial-z>B@#23}Segmentazione con paginazione (MULTICS) (si elimina la frammentazione esterna: combina i vantaggi di entrambi gli approcci) pACalibri>@DF HJ @DF J    ((_zR  L23%Courier Newz>B@#23/Migliora le gestione di segmenti molto grandi RACalibri @DF J    @2hzy x  $$&$`6M23zR   /3%Courier Newz>B@#C23ENelle segment-table vengono memorizzati gli indirizzi delle pagine PACalibri@DF J    VHf <zy x  $$&$`6 /3zR   /3%Courier Newz>B@#23I segmenti vengono paginati RACalibri @DF J    . hzy x  $$&$`6 /3zy x  $$&$`6 /3zR  _ /3- Arial-z>B@#23-Tabella delle pagine invertita con hashing VACalibri$@DF HJ    >0lzR   /3%Courier Newz>B@#23ESi implementa una funzione di hash per ridurre il tempo di ricerca lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    lH(#( zy x  $$&$`6 /3zy x  $$&$`6e /3zR   /3- Arial-z>B@#23!Tabella delle pagine invertita VACalibri$@DF HJ    2$lzR  P /3%Courier Newz>B@#233Usato dove le pagine occuperebbero troppo spazio RACalibri @DF J    D6hzy x  $$&$`6P /3zR  @ /3%Courier Newz>B@#M /3+Meno memoria, ma pi tempo per l'accesso PACalibri@DF J    <.fzy x  $$&$`6A /3zR  2 /3%Courier Newz>B@#= /3sLe tabelle hanno entry per i frame e non per le page. Si memorizzano le info sul processo che possiede la pagina PACalibri@DF J    vfzy x  $$&$`6 /3zy x  $$&$`6 /3zR  ' /3- Arial-z>B@#23Paginazione a pi livelli VACalibri$@DF HJ    ,lzR  G /3%Courier Newz>B@#23Performance: aumentano gli accessi alla memoria, ma il caching degli indirizzi di pagina permette di ridurre drasticamente questo fattore lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    "( (a(zy x  $$&$`6J /3zR  0 /3%Courier Newz>B@#23IPer ridurre l'occupazione della page-table, anche questa viene paginata lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    pL(*(zy x  $$&$`63 /3zy x  $$&$`6( /3u$Michele Di Cosmo u$Michele Di Cosmo z? ;>"a23ЌzO—iʤo$=G6 gFf4 tn,nEKCXSм3UyK n$raߥ$&/,6C+zGx Sryi3?D <span style='font-size:20pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> Implementazioni della page&#45;table <br/> <br/> </span></p> DImplementazioni della page-table@#>^Cy@ ?@#>^Cy@X?ĩ@1Ҏ?{n@p>@#>^Cy@X?ĩ@1Ҏ?|n?`>0@1Ҏ?b@p> n.zU\dΕy\/9PNG  IHDR3sRGB.yIDATx^[]י43G UI$e_ `<$DN`CZ O1a n%jeS$F R,֬۾_׳ߡ>oߴ @.o  lb6]Ν|`y@h5VOA'quS?k h36UO`|7Mupf*&S~zsȶ>8(ƍZ@f;U; jɾj @"ԨDl{P.ɼkwMhVF7U˷F57d_ PAjԁ&Y٩zGu}=ڇ@1ŸQ  Y666:;8A !񥽎s틣o_|ӿ͊q{?,oWӅҏuz@;kR̟?/*Q+ևﻟ/L ?orpsئrd8HhG|+vO yt~5<ҷ DGo|f']OhwvׯO*lƉCs's%D-׎'?[}#i(75q1t3n&!AG&a^9 ァƯv Ha[ HX ImUH[/_Zo]$o=+%܎*ۈB|6t@A0"Dvݗ'|b .++}ehI@߼ta/E f'B6r\d,_20K_[OTPB}ߖcڹ*?&&7М}I" ĞIc._w.uRñ$A` `L "e.3+E<ۥsb_OxE[pūkxz<=lSU}גÅE-Wh<2}Iy~Zؤ6ct6f@,f|DfT48hD F =laFuTa7B YlE/g?ҀsP.X"XnnfypZj `T˓ !)Uvb_X rC!R1,$:FcpF`p:ysmLqNN&Uɾ^vzq\̖BVݍi @-02M&J+U!azY\}wUk_5q7tf;` )`MMcT(M4BKhH4|t`qD-`ƒtcsjcVbR}%qיgܵR lwևIPWph#`z| CQ ~0}TP ¾y IdȣbAM9kkoN63WCj~ cՋtN%z =,񀆢}pu9jw*5-62lQ#qп9g#c|^8Bb: aJ >Stw*~((z5¡'e,2U$RɎ |rfw㍄Ocv6'HO׍`1t@1OH @hAc 00c CMG!ЀCdF"CmX9h7AOs F `4 @'q9BB@@0Mg 8h!! @Q⦳i!r%?u~_),U4\0s0 8@ @8@! @8@ ܲyq@@6V@X9@ @H'@%l/ /u9\+wX?t1VFxGlu.{gWd]}œ`^Yq?_qB^n\մecvۑqD҄KK]d`i夌ǴQx? 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Molto utilizzato. PACalibri@DF J    dVfbbzy x  $$&$`6 /3zR  = /3Wingdingsz>B@#c /3Come la versione hardware, ma nel caso di una TLB-miss, si genera un interrupt al processore e quindi il SO a fare in seguito la query alla memoria principale PACalibri@DF J    fbbzy x  $$&$`6@ /3bbzy x  $$&$`69 /3zR  k /3%Courier Newz>B@#23Hardware TLB VACalibri$@DF HJ    lzR   /3Wingdingsz>B@# /3}Se non si trova un elemento, si procede con il doppio accesso standard alla memoria (questa query rimane invisibile al SO) PACalibri@DF J    fbbzy x  $$&$`6 /3zR  t /3Wingdingsz>B@# /3SIl numero di pagina viene confrontato contemporaneamente a tutte le entry del TLB PACalibri@DF J    dVfbbzy x  $$&$`6w /3bbzy x  $$&$`6n /3zR   /3%Courier Newz>B@#23 In memoria VACalibri$@DF HJ    lzR   /3Wingdingsz>B@#Q /3[Ogni accesso ai dati in memoria richiede due accessi alla memoria (query alla page-table) PACalibri@DF J    l^fbbzy x  $$&$`6 /3bbzy x  $$&$`6 /3zy x  $$`623zR   /3- Arial-z>B@#23#Implementazione della page-table VACalibri$@DF HJ    4&lbbzy x  $$&$`6 /3zR  /3- Arial-z>B@#23Allocazione non-contigua vACalibriD@DF HJ @DF HJ    B( (zR  /3%Courier Newz>B@#H23ISegmentazione (frammentazione esterna, non c' frammentazione interna) M2ACalibri|@DF HJ @DF J @DF J  @DF G J    LJ( ((((((zR  !23Wingdingsz>B@#"23!Differenze con la paginazione: pACalibri>@DF HJ @DF J    H$((zR  (23% Arial z>B@#r235I segmenti sono rilocabili e di dimensione variable lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    p8,(( ((^^z{zy x  $$&$`6323x^y|}zy x  $$&$`6#23u$Michele Di Cosmo zR  /3Wingdingsz>B@# /33I segmenti hanno lunghezza variabile in run-time PACalibri@DF J    D6fbbuvzy x  $$&$`6 /3zR  /3Wingdingsz>B@#/3UProtezione implementata con un bit (di protezione) e con bit per read/write/execute PACalibri@DF J    fXfbbrszy x  $$&$`6/3zR  /3Wingdingsz>B@#/3?L'allocazione viene implementata come l'allocazione contigua PACalibri@DF J    PBfbbopzy x  $$&$`6/3zR  /3Wingdingsz>B@#23'Permette la condivisione di segmenti lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    N*( (bblmzy x  $$&$`6/3zR  V/3Wingdingsz>B@#/3/Implementa rilocazione dinamica sui segmenti PACalibri@DF J    @2fbbijzy x  $$&$`6Y/3zR  +/3Wingdingsz>B@#R/3=La segment-table mappa gli indirizzi utente a quelli fisici PACalibri@DF J    N@fbbfgzy x  $$&$`6,/3zR  }/3Wingdingsz>B@#/3CIndirizzamento tramite numero di segmento e offsett nel segmento PACalibri@DF J    TFfbbcdzy x  $$&$`6/3u$Michele Di Cosmo zR  a23Wingdingsz>B@#V23oUn programma viene visto come un insieme di segmenti suddivisi per unit logica (funzioni, variabili, ecc...) lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    r"(,(#(^^_`zy x  $$&$`6`23u$Michele Di Cosmo ]aehknqtw~zy x  $$&$`6/3 zR  /3%Courier Newz>B@#"23MPaginazione (niente frammentazione esterna, ridotta frammentazione interna) !ACalibriZ@DF HJ @DF J @DF J    P@( (((((zR  /3Wingdingsz>B@#?23Protezione implementata con un bit (di protezione) che indica il diritto di accesso (se la pagina rientra nello spazio logico del processo) lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    "(((ZXYzy x  $$&$`6/3zR  0/3Wingdingsz>B@#323Permette la condivisione di codice read-only (quindi "rientrante"). Il codice condiviso per appare nelle stesse locazioni logiche lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    "( (6(AUVzy x  $$&$`66/3zR  /3Wingdingsz>B@#$/3GIndirizzamento tramite numero di pagina (p) e offset nella pagina (d) PACalibri@DF J    XJfRSzy x  $$&$`6/3zR  /3Wingdingsz>B@#,23OSi implementa una page-table per tener traccia dei collegamenti frame-pagina lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    R"(( (2OPzy x  $$&$`6/3zR  /3Wingdingsz>B@#/3USi divide la memoria fisica in frame e la logica in pagine, della stessa dimensione PACalibri@DF J    fXfLMzy x  $$&$`6/3 KNQTWZ[zy x  $$&$`6/3J\zy x  $$&$`6/3zR  ..3- Arial-z>B@#23aAllocazione contigua (almeno due partizioni: una per il kernel, l'altra/le altre per l'utente) ACalibriZ@DF HJ @DF J @DF J    d,((((4zR  '/3%Courier Newz>B@# 23Partizionamento dinamico (decise a run-time)(porta a frammentazione esterna, risolta con la compattazione, possibile solo con rilocazione dinamica. Particolarit con l'uso del DMA) ACalibriZ@DF HJ @DF J @DF J    ,(((](#zR  /3Wingdingsz>B@#23AWorst-fit (il pi grande buco sufficientemente grande) [lento] lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    rD"(8((CDzy x  $$&$`6/3zR  /3Wingdingsz>B@#23KBest-fit (il pi piccolo buco sufficientemente grande) [frammenta molto] lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    |N"(8( (@Azy x  $$&$`6/3zR  /3Wingdingsz>B@#23GNext-fit (come first-fit, ma partendo da dove era rimasto) [migliore] lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    xJ"(<((=>zy x  $$&$`6/3zR  /3Wingdingsz>B@#23EFirst-fit (alloca il primo buco sufficientemente grande) [migliore] lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    vH"(:((:;zy x  $$&$`6/39<?BEFzy x  $$&$`6(/3zR  .3%Courier Newz>B@#23_Partizionamento statico (partizioni fisse uguali o diverse) (porta a frammentazione interna) !ACalibriZ@DF HJ @DF J @DF J    b@((((((zR  .3Wingdingsz>B@#/39Best-fit (il primo processo pi grande uguale al buco) PACalibri@DF J    J<f45zy x  $$&$`6.3zR  .3Wingdingsz>B@#/3=First-fit (il primo processo abbastanza grande per il buco) PACalibri@DF J    N@f12zy x  $$&$`6.30367zy x  $$&$`6.3zR  d.3%Courier Newz>B@#237Partizionamento singolo (un processo per partizione) ACalibriZ@DF HJ @DF J @DF J    r:,((((-.zy x  $$&$`6j.3,/8GHzy x  $$&$`6..3*z? ;>"a23ЌzO—iʤo$=G6 gFf}0ǣ=qf \M3 e_ t|b԰M+RЍ7H ۃՎrlr?=jR/wPMZ TKh;J8A5@ <p> <span style='font-size:14pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> Allocazione <br/> </span><span style='font-size:32pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> i </span><span style='font-size:14pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> Allocazione <br/> contlgua non&#45;contlgua <br/> </span><span style='font-size:4pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> ___________________________________ ______________ </span><span style='font-size:10pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";font-weight:bold;'> I <br/> </span><span style='font-size:23pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> <u>I </span><span style='font-size:14pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> n </span><span style='font-size:10pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";font-weight:bold;'> I </u><br/> </span><span style='font-size:14pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> PartIzionament&#8217; Partizionamento Partizionamentol <br/> </span><span style='font-size:4pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> _________ _______ </span><span style='font-size:82pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> <u>r </u></span><span style='font-size:14pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> I <br/> singolo statico dinamico <br/> Paginazione Segmentazione <br/> <br/> </span></p> Allocazione i Allocazione contlgua non-contlgua ___________________________________ ______________ I I n I PartIzionament Partizionamento Partizionamentol _________ _______ r I singolo statico dinamico Paginazione Segmentazione v=X>w`A 5@-A=>8?#m>Q^C@X>r??.qj@w@@ĩ?-q A#m>@ĩ?@[>v,>#?Q^AX ? v=#?3A0Ҏ?L?tK@;V@> A @@@X >-A=>8?#m>Q^C@X>v,=? P^@=>d?#m>.qj@V ,AdB??T >%w@@i?ю@3Y@i?r?W9Aĩ?X=hB>f@ĩ?X=[>i@i?v,=hB>kd"A?v,=v,>mv,>#?@#>pH@@W @0W>ڱ@@@>v==@k@Q^C@=@@@#?v,>V ?85A?#m>L?a@r?X >r@a@[b?0W>@tK@tK?#m> A @?X >XAA @ܱ@X > nAĒ יon8yPNG  IHDRNsRGB{IDATx^OlW{Ⱥs gP FY؈63LV" &8VdinV l퍘UeCD !]mV}^է]|_M    @&g@c @Bπ@m F3]@ P! 64/ܘ0~xj\ nwO ֿ.VR7Ͷ3vTȫOկ-p+v PE(hD !%tYRRW<,.k7Ԙ^)-r z]/1.M}^nE44eY,J!6:j6RiQJ0m9`$X_rryW+caeX֘b$r.c}{c ֩GwGZy2 _-4Y7FR4lSx+nڱppPS'z4JPn\0 γ@`Km?j]Jq?gI+5ʫ:s߾)]qpuH#g {" uYgq%g i {RO ocKѰh(Z&o/wb^!95|٠4ۙȏLNz`FaDyo4\ʏ鹢1<'WN0]?b ^m׮WwÍH8wHY6O/}fi 5MٛYsx0uעt}Zd)x2شV1;vFtlFn6۳ յoT儋$ʮO?\~*2}٦ g@/櫱v8}Cjoqj/#GP'Z)]gbW @$gJY @ f SZC >Y̶2[FĄ=n$+"/_T8,wwkjz56,|RjK6 ސ ޶V N1@>(;\y]]+:`OO?H@G K cB̜Q_剌J, ]}^MZBZg(m*gqUjTjMB!4(eJ@2ީp^3r@& umlo@w {`W;ooY[w{X^w%"/Mں㜽 Ǧe!ʡIk +L{͝bO{39c<0>jPɮߟߴV=R NF& }{:3@-6EM 3'W%xI,?:jAǑ)B@#Ǿ235MMU (associa gli indirizzi logici a quelli fisici) pACalibri>@DF HJ @DF J    \8((0&'zy x  $$&$`6.3zR  .3- Arial-z>B@#235Collegamento dinamico delle librerie (uso di stub) ACalibriZ@DF HJ @DF J @DF J    p8,($( ((#$zy x  $$&$`6.3zR  .3- Arial-z>B@#23SCaricamento dinamico (il segmento non viene caricato finch non viene richiesto) ACalibriZ@DF HJ @DF J @DF J    V,(((-( !zy x  $$&$`6.3zR  .3- Arial-z>B@#23Binding degli indirizzi VACalibri$@DF HJ    *lzR  .3%Courier Newz>B@#23Execution time VACalibri$@DF HJ    "lzy x  $$&$`6.3zR  .3%Courier Newz>B@#23 Load time VACalibri$@DF HJ    lzy x  $$&$`6.3zR  .3%Courier Newz>B@#23Compile time VACalibri$@DF HJ    lzy x  $$&$`6.3zy x  $$&$`6.3zR  .3- Arial-z@#.3+Monoprogrammazione / Multiprogrammazione DACalibri@DF J   N.(((Zzy x  $$&$`6.3u$Michele Di Cosmo "%(+I z $  `6?@?@?fA?+{?@  z $$uNOLM<0_$`6$Michele Di Cosmo PAA@@????>>+{?>>I;G'G"6,[p(IK$q5 $0ekEOҾ(Ii68 - Gestione della memoriazV-H# -H# -H#  -H"  -H"-H" -H"  -H"-H" -H"  -Hu"-Hj" -HJ" -H?" -H5"  -H"3 -H! !-H! " -H!0#-H! $-H! % -H~!*&-Hs! '-Hk!( -LN*-L\)-HQ + -HG , -H0--H  .-H / -H 0 -H$1-H 2-H 3 -H#4-H 5-H[76-HP 7-HD 8 -H: 9 -H,:-H ;-H < -H-=-H >-H ? -H-@-H A-Hx B -HL,C-HB D-H@E-H F-H5G-H H-H I -H J -H K -Ho'L-He M-H[ N -H-.O-H# P-H Q -H%R-H S-H T -H4U-H V-H W -Hc5X-HY Y-H$5Z-H [-H \ -H^-H ] -H2_-H `-Hb"-H a -H%c-H~ d-Ht e -HP$f-HF g-H< h -H"i-H j-H k -H'l-H m-H n -H$o-H p-H q -Hl'r-Hb s-HX t -H5#u-H+ v-H$x-H w -H y -H,z-H {-H'|-H }-Hp:~-He -H>'-H3 -H) -H!-H -H -H -H -H(-H -H-H -Hx -Hn -HG'-H= -H3 -H,-H -H-H -H -H -H1-H -Hy -HR'-HH -H)-H -H -Hz-H -L -HP b-HI -HB -H7 -H- -H ,-H -H -H 5-H -H -H -Hv -Hl -HA +-H6 -H, -H "-H -H -H #-H -H !-H -H -H -H\ +-HQ -H. #-H# -H -H -H -H -H -H &-H -H -H| "-Hq -H> 3-H3 -H) -H " -H -H -H{w-Hp -Hg ,-HX -HQ-HG -H*-H -H-H -H -H-H-H-H -HY0 Y0 dxKK3‹zV `ab%$K3‹zVpab耀<Ŗ'atٵ^'칚!$`" )r%`6f?@?@?? z@#239 - Memoria virtuale HACalibri"@CDTF J   $^  zy x  $$`6/3z $  >`6f?@?@??@ z> $`6 zR  |`03- Arial-z>B@#223 Trashing VACalibri$@DF HJ    lzR  "13%Courier Newz>B@#'23Ottimizzazione VACalibri$@DF HJ    "lzR  "13Wingdingsz>B@#23{Pre-paging (al lancio del programma si s gi quale pagina servir, come anche al ripristino successivo ad uno swap-out) !ACalibriZ@DF HJ @DF J @DF J    ~@( (((,(((//zy x  $$&$`6"13zR  "13Wingdingsz>B@#-23Buffering delle pagine libere VACalibri$@DF HJ    0"lzR  "13% Arial z>B@#23Se la pagina stata messa nella free-list, ma non stata modificata, la si toglie semplicemente dalla free-list (in questo caso si parla di soft-page-fault, altrimenti di hard-page-fault) lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    (q(M//zy x  $$&$`6T"13//zy x  $$&$`6""13//zy x  $$&$`6"13z? ;>"a23ЌzO—iʤo$=G6 gFfyY?SG.}&5Fi"<*k3l`/7ё*~\.KUGs5 F0nSsm A@Ф@B<p> <span style='font-size:54pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";font-weight:bold;'> Modelli per impedire ii trashing <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:54pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";font-weight:bold;'> ( <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:24pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> working set <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:6pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> pr <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:24pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> Frequenza Ji fault&#45;page <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:4pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> .p <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:24pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> WSCLOC <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:11pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";font-style:italic;'> 4. <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:5pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";font-weight:bold;'> I. <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:24pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> Algoritmo <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:11pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";font-weight:bold;'> I <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:24pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> Registri a scorrimento <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:24pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> Tempo Virtual.&#8217;t <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:5pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";font-weight:bold;'> III <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:5pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";font-weight:bold;'> wPrn&#8217;\1 <br/> <br/> </span></p> <br/> <table border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook:480;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext;mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid windowtext'> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0'> <td > <p> <span style='font-size:11pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";font-style:italic;'> I <br/> <br/> </span></p> </td> <td > </td> <td > <p> <span style='font-size:5pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";font-weight:bold;'> h <br/> <br/> </span></p> </td> <td > </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0'> <td > </td> <td > <p> <span style='font-size:24pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> Approssimazioni <br/> <br/> </span></p> </td> <td > </td> <td > </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0'> <td > </td> <td > </td> <td > <p> <span style='font-size:7pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> j <br/> <br/> </span></p> </td> <td > </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0'> <td > <p> <span style='font-size:5pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";font-weight:bold;'> I <br/> <br/> </span></p> </td> <td > </td> <td > </td> <td > <p> <span style='font-size:5pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";font-weight:bold;'> I <br/> <br/> </span></p> </td> </tr> </table> <br/> Modelli per impedire ii trashing ( working set pr Frequenza Ji fault-page .p WSCLOC 4. 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PJ#  r"wC@@)>6F@@D-   @)"R|l  @[AT@@RD@@ 񷼃  K1  -288*R=@@(,=tl  @@'QE@@ IENDB`zR  !13% Arial z>B@#%23kAllocazione proporzionale: numero di frame proporzionale alla dimensione del processo e alla sua priorit ACalibriZ@DF HJ @DF J @DF J    n"((;(//zy x  $$&$`6!13zR  !13% Arial z>B@#!23=Allocazione equa: a tutti un numero fisso di frame: sprechi ACalibriZ@DF HJ @DF J @DF J    x@,(( (( //zy x  $$&$`6!13zR  !13% Arial z>B@#23?Allocazione libera: vengono assegnate tutti i frame richiesti ACalibriZ@DF HJ @DF J @DF J    pB"(((//zy x  $$&$`6!13zy x  $$`6h23zR  !13Wingdingsz>B@#p23Algoritmi di allocazione VACalibri$@DF HJ    ,l//zy x  $$&$`6!13zR  -!13Wingdingsz>B@#23Tipi di sostituzione VACalibri$@DF HJ    (lzR  s!13% Arial z>B@#x33YSostituzione globale: le pagine dei processi vengono sostituite fra quelle del sistema pACalibri>@DF HJ @DF J    \((CzR  !13Wingdings 2"z>B@#23'Non supporta modelli con working-set RACalibri @DF J    8*h//zy x  $$&$`6!13// zy x  $$&$`6u!13zR  B!13% Arial z>B@#x33QSostituzione locale: le pagine dei processi vengono sostituite solo fra di loro pACalibri>@DF HJ @DF J    xT((=zR  !13Wingdings 2"z>B@#233Questo metodo supporta i modelli con working-set lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    Z6((#//zy x  $$&$`6!13zR  !13Wingdings 2"z>B@#23CIl comportamento non influenzato da quello degli altri processi RACalibri @DF J    TFh//zy x  $$&$`6!13//zy x  $$&$`6D!13//zy x  $$&$`6/!13zR  4!13Wingdingsz>B@#23 Modelli VACalibri$@DF HJ     lzR  7!13% Arial z>B@#@23'Modello della frequenza di page-fault VACalibri$@DF HJ    8*lzR  7!13Wingdings 2"z>B@#+!13Definito un page-fault-rate accettabile, se questo superiore viene regalata una pagina al processo, altrimenti gli viene rubata PACalibri@DF J    f//zy x  $$&$`6 13//zy x  $$&$`6 13zR  7!13% Arial z>B@#<23Modello del working-set VACalibri$@DF HJ    *lzR  7!13Wingdings 2"z>B@#23)Modelli approssimativi del working-set pACalibri>@DF HJ @DF J    P,((zR  23%Tahomaz>B@#5239Algoritmo WSCLOCK (variante del CLOCK con working-set) VACalibri$@DF HJ    J<lBook to read 13 13//~zy x  $$&$`6 13zR  7!13%Tahomaz>B@#23%Algoritmo basato sul tempo virtuale VACalibri$@DF HJ    6(lVedi sul libro2323//{|zy x  $$&$`6Ei03zR  7!13%Tahomaz>B@#23-Algoritmo basato su registri a scorrimento VACalibri$@DF HJ    >0lzR  7!13% Arial z>B@#@i03CSi pu migliorare aumentando i bit e diminuendo l'unit di tempo PACalibri@DF J    TFf//vwzy x  $$&$`61i03zR  7!13% Arial z>B@#23GSe uno dei tre bit settato, si considera la pagina nel working set RACalibri @DF J    XJh//stzy x  $$&$`6i03zR  7!13% Arial z>B@#23/Ogni tick di un timer i bit vengono shiftati RACalibri @DF J    @2h//pqzy x  $$&$`61h03zR  7!13% Arial z>B@#G23GSi mantengono due bit aggiuntivi per pagina oltre al 'reference bit' PACalibri@DF J    XJf//mnzy x  $$&$`6e03//loruxyzy x  $$&$`6e03//kz}zy x  $$&$`6_i03zR  7!13Wingdings 2"z>B@#23#Algoritmo basato sul working-set: pACalibri>@DF HJ @DF J    J&( (zR  7!13%Tahomaz>B@#23}Se le pagine richieste sono maggiori delle pagine disponibili si sospende il processo per diminuire la multiprogrammazione RACalibri @DF J    h//fgzy x  $$&$`6ue03zR  7!13%Tahomaz>B@#23UAlla creazione il processo viene messo in ready solo se ci sono sufficienti pagine RACalibri @DF J    fXh//cdzy x  $$&$`6d03zR  7!13%Tahomaz>B@#d03IViene controllato il working-set e vengono alloccati sufficienti pagine PACalibri@DF J    ZLf//`azy x  $$&$`6d03//_behizy x  $$&$`6d03zR  7!13Wingdings 2"z>B@#N23Vengono esaminati i pi recenti delta (working set window) riferimenti alle pagine. L'insieme di queste pagine il working set RACalibri @DF J    h//\]zy x  $$&$`6d03//[^jzy x  $$&$`6a03//Zzy x  $$&$`66!13Yzy x  $$`623zR  a03%Courier Newz>B@#23Come impedire il trashing VACalibri$@DF HJ    ,l//VWzy x  $$&$`6a03zR  a03%Courier Newz>B@#923Principio di localit VACalibri$@DF HJ    (lzR  a03Wingdingsz>B@#a03=Localit: Insieme di pagine utilizzate attivamente assieme PACalibri@DF J    N@f//QRzy x  $$&$`6a03//PSTzy x  $$&$`6a03zR  Ea03%Courier Newz>B@#N23Trashing del sistema VACalibri$@DF HJ    (lzR  a03Wingdingsz>B@#r23mPu essere causato da un processo che si espande quando viene usata una politica di rimpiazzamento globale RACalibri @DF J    ~ph//KLzy x  $$&$`6a03zR  `a03Wingdingsz>B@#l23uAvviene quando il sistema ha meno memoria fisica di quanto tutte le localit dei processi in esecuzione richiedono RACalibri @DF J    xh//HIzy x  $$&$`6`a03//GJMNzy x  $$&$`6Na03zR  Wa03%Courier Newz>B@#L23Trashing del processo VACalibri$@DF HJ    (lzR  [a03Wingdingsz>B@#g23WAvviene quando un processo ha meno memoria fisica di quanto la sua localit richiede RACalibri @DF J    hZh//BCzy x  $$&$`6`03//ADEzy x  $$&$`6Za03zR  Sa03%Courier Newz>B@#b23Il basso carico della CPU pu far pensare all'algoritmo per la multiprogrammazione di dover aumentare i processi per sfruttaremeglio la CPU, risultando in un aggravamento del trashing lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    ((::>?zy x  $$&$`6`03zR  Sa03%Courier Newz>B@#[23;Viene speso molto tempo in swap -> basso carico alla CPU lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    b>((::;<zy x  $$&$`61a03u$Michele Di Cosmo //9=@FOUXzy x  $$&$`6}`037z? ;>"a23ЌzO—iʤo$=G6 gFf#9d٧֍{2a~ aeBPm9vXE֮Co=LӺ{H\1 o_ӓݝyHBA`l@<p> <span style='font-size:19pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> is05t1t0?????? </span><span style='font-size:13pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> delle <br/> pagine <br/> I&#8217;__________w________ <br/> </span><span style='font-size:8pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> I </span><span style='font-size:13pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> _________________________________________________________________________________________________ <br/> </span><span style='font-size:26pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> FIFO <br/> LRU <br/> First in first </span><span style='font-size:13pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> out </span><span style='font-size:26pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> oPT&#174; MIN <br/> &#8216;Le <br/> </span><span style='font-size:13pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> ast </span><span style='font-size:26pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> Recently <br/> </span><span style='font-size:13pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> (no </span><span style='font-size:26pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> stack) ottimale <br/> Used <br/> di Belady) </span><span style='font-size:13pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> (si </span><span style='font-size:26pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> stack) <br/> </span><span style='font-size:10pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";font-weight:bold;'> _____________?????? </span><span style='font-size:13pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> p </span><span style='font-size:26pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> (di stack) <br/> </span><span style='font-size:6pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";font-weight:bold;'> ______ </span><span style='font-size:4pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> _________ ____ </span><span style='font-size:19pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> &#8212;p <br/> <br/> </span></p> is05t1t0?????? delle pagine I __________w________ I _________________________________________________________________________________________________ FIFO LRU First in first out oPT MIN  Le ast Recently (no stack) ottimale Used di Belady) (si stack) _____________?????? p (di stack) ______ _________ ____  p!Z?>VաAUUA@>@$@A@? ? 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UJwKumCI 0j"lxS2WS 0D3T(9?u>ݫG#n *TIsj^cHIa$. #XUgTz*~=\uAV:sVFVi cH)Fb0ҎM-*#1T6OTN ~U(~Ɛґa 0$ۗa}ڕK c Rz~ߞrZI@טo[YA*2=gڅ@} C ĎWlG*!yF2ڝaEG0eqEU*!,{Oҝˁ#0җH_D$21F[84i}fۚ1$ɺFa$FY;ǐP/pG^#݁HM!Ћ^w/ 0"e0he8r!9u h-=Op?a )[Cadd 7@1$7Fxqcv=NM&U]:b }b[CJH& "0Rzc1 L`1O?vPIa ;cYnl!`eF*CMAU(e )MWYsʂ @  @ @װQ0  @@񗆒 @ PC(6 &A @4(P @jH_F$@ FnˠFܲIENDB`5z? ;>"aF23ЌzO—iʤo$=G6 gFfF,T] F e/_J37fMA0 L?僇BmB:V^AD@W C`ϞX=TµAuF@ <p> <span style='font-size:28pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> I <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:20pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> A contatore <br/> (numeropi basso) <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:20pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> Approx. &#39;not frequently <br/> used&#8217; <br/> (al riferimento azzero iI contatore incrementato <br/> automaticamente) <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:20pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> Approx. con aging (si shifta II ref. bit in un array, si vede ii num. pi <br/> basso) <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:39pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> / <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:33pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> N <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:20pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> stack) <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:20pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> Approx. con bit di riferimento <br/> (non so ii tempo esatto) <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:20pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> Approx. cLOCK <br/> (ok per pagine accedute <br/> molte volte e <br/> velocemente: azzero iI ref. bit al passaggio) <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:19pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> Approx. </span><span style='font-size:19pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> cLOCK <br/> </span><span style='font-size:19pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> migliorata <br/> (con ref. bit e dirty bit) <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:8pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";font-weight:bold;'> w <br/> <br/> </span></p> I A contatore (numeropi basso) Approx. 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Se il 'reference bit' vuoto, la pagina viene sostituita; senn il 'reference bit' viene azzerato e si passa alla pagina successiva lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    ($(//zy x  $$&$`6^03//zy x  $$&$`6]03zR  *]03Wingdingsz>B@#23;Approssimazione con aging (basato sul bit di riferimeto) pACalibri>@DF HJ @DF J    b>(( zR  ]03% Arial z>B@#F23Buona approssimazione RACalibri @DF J    (h//zy x  $$&$`6]03zR  i]03% Arial z>B@#C23/Si scarica la pagina con il numero pi basso lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    V2((//zy x  $$&$`6p]03zR  2]03% Arial z>B@#@23Ad ogni pagina si associa un array di bit vuoti che ad intervalli regolari viene shiftato e il primo bit sostituito con il 'reference bit' RACalibri @DF J    h//zy x  $$&$`67]03//zy x  $$&$`6*]03zR  \03Wingdingsz>B@#23+Approssimazione NFU - Not frequently used VACalibri$@DF HJ    <.lzR  ]03% Arial z>B@#23GProblema: le pagine usate molto tempo fa contano come quelle recenti ACalibriZ@DF J @DF J @DF J    xJ"( (:(//zy x  $$&$`6]03zR  \03% Arial z>B@#23-Al riferimento il contatore viene azzerato RACalibri @DF J    >0h//zy x  $$&$`6\03zR  \03% Arial z>B@#23OAd ogni pagina si associa un contatore che si auto-incrementa ogni 10~20 ms. lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    vR(=(//zy x  $$&$`6\03//zy x  $$&$`6\03zR  t\03Wingdingsz>B@#y23_Approssimazione con bit di riferimento (impreciso perch non si conosce l'ordine di accesso) ACalibriZ@DF HJ @DF J @DF J    b,(&(( (,zR  \03% Arial z>B@#23/Si scarica la pagina con reference bit vuoto RACalibri @DF J    @2h//zy x  $$&$`6\03zR  \03% Arial z>B@#\03IAl riferimento ad una pagina, il suo bit 'reference bit' viene settato PACalibri@DF J    ZLf//zy x  $$&$`6\03//zy x  $$&$`6v\03zR  [03Wingdingsz>B@#23Implementazione a stack VACalibri$@DF HJ    *lzR  W\03% Arial z>B@#g23]Implementazione software molto costosa (spostare sul top richiede 6 modifiche ai puntatori) lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    `(&(6//zy x  $$&$`6X\03zR  J\03% Arial z>B@#a23/Si scarica la pagina pi in basso nello stack lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    V2((//zy x  $$&$`6O\03zR  [03% Arial z>B@#]23SAl riferimento ad una pagina, si sposta il suo riferimento all'inizio dello stack RACalibri @DF J    dVh//zy x  $$&$`6[03zR  [03% Arial z>B@#W23MSi crea uno stack con i numeri di pagina usati (in una lista double-linked) lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    ~P"( ("(//zy x  $$&$`6[03//zy x  $$&$`6[03zR  [03Wingdingsz>B@#23Implementazione a contatore VACalibri$@DF HJ    . lzR  [03% Arial z>B@#R23YImplementazione molto dispendiosa se la ricerca viene parallelizzata nell'hardware (?) lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    \(!(6//zy x  $$&$`6|[03zR  [03% Arial z>B@#D23?Si determina che pagina scaricare in base al numero pi basso lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    fB(-(//zy x  $$&$`6k[03zR  [03% Arial z>B@#>23La MMU aumenta un contatore e lo imposta nel registro 'reference time' della entry della page acceduta ad ogni accesso alla memoria lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    ,((@( (//zy x  $$&$`6[03//zy x  $$&$`6[03 4zy x  $$`623zR  Z03%Courier Newz>B@#23Implementazioni di LRU VACalibri$@DF HJ    *l//zy x  $$&$`6Z03zR  Z03%Courier Newz>B@#y23Matrice di memoria VACalibri$@DF HJ    &lVedi sul libroy23y23//zy x  $$&$`6Z03zR  Y03%Courier Newz>B@#237Algoritmi (devono tendere a minimizzare i page fault) pACalibri>@DF HJ @DF J    ^:( (-zR  !Z03Wingdingsz>B@#Z23LRU - Least Recently Used pACalibri>@DF HJ @DF J    B((zR  23% Arial z>B@#t33E' un algoritmo di stack lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    B(( zy x  $$&$`623zR  YZ03% Arial z>B@#p239Buona soluzione, ma richiede molta assistenza hardware lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    `<((#//zy x  $$&$`6dZ03zR  CZ03% Arial z>B@#h237Si scarica la pagina che da pi tempo non viene usata RACalibri @DF J    H:h//zy x  $$&$`6FZ03zR  +Z03% Arial z>B@#k23EStudia il passato per prevedere il futuro (approssimazione di OPT) lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    vH"(+((//}~zy x  $$&$`61Z03//|zy x  $$&$`6!Z03zR  Y03Wingdingsz>B@#U23EOPT o MIN - Algoritmo ottimale (usato nei confronti fra algoritmi) pACalibri>@DF HJ @DF J    lH( (:zR  23% Arial z>B@#23E' un algoritmo di stack lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    B(( wxzy x  $$&$`623zR  Y03% Arial z>B@#N23OSi scarica la pagina che non verr riusata per il periodo di tempo pi lungo RACalibri @DF J    `Rh//tuzy x  $$&$`6Y03//svyzzy x  $$&$`6Y03zR  Y03Wingdingsz>B@#R23FIFO - First in First out pACalibri>@DF HJ @DF J    B((zR  Y03% Arial z>B@#23ENon un algoritmo di stack. Quindi soffre dell'anomalia di Belady lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    vH"((( //nozy x  $$&$`6Y03zR  Y03% Arial z>B@#235Si scarica la pagina che da pi tempo in memoria RACalibri @DF J    F8h//klzy x  $$&$`6Y03//jmpqzy x  $$&$`6Y03//ir{zy x  $$&$`6Y03zR  4Y03%Courier Newz>B@#sY03Il 'dirty bit' indica che una pagina stata cambiata e pertanto, quando la pagina viene scaricata, deve essere copiata nello swap. PACalibri@DF J    f//fgzy x  $$&$`67Y03eh6zy x  $$`623zR  Y03- Arial-z>B@#23ISostituzione delle pagine: se non ci sono pi pagine fisiche libere... pACalibri>@DF HJ @DF J    pL((.//bczy x  $$&$`6 Y03`z? ;>"a23ЌzO—iʤo$=G6 gFfY6C^iGOBJ&g4^Z2<3I]TnnN`<l&wvT<sGFh@Pp6@<p> <span style='font-size:30pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> Nuovo processo flglio <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:30pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> Copy on write (dedicata su richiesta) <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:30pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";'> Memorym </span><span style='font-size:30pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> mapped I/O (condivisa) <br/> <br/> </span></p> Nuovo processo flglio Copy on write (dedicata su richiesta) Memorym mapped I/O (condivisa) o@@[b?H;@?@~??=7??̌@0?v,?@א@L?>ũ_@V @?? 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RACalibri @DF J    xjh//FGzy x  $$&$`6X03zR  W03Wingdingsz>B@#23yE' una modalit in cui pu venire creato un processo figlio: permette la condivisione iniziale delle pagine di memoria lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    |(=(://CDzy x  $$&$`6W03//BEHKNOzy x  $$&$`6W03AP_zy x  $$`6o23zR  X03- Arial-z>B@#v23+Gesione della memoria per nuovi processi VACalibri$@DF HJ    <.l//>?zy x  $$&$`6X03zR  =03- Arial-z>B@#U23aPaginazione su richiesta: (si carica una pagina di memoria solo quando questa viene richiesta) pACalibri>@DF HJ @DF J    d((GzR  W03%Courier Newz>B@#23Considerazioni VACalibri$@DF HJ    "lzR  W03Wingdingsz>B@#23ML'area di swap deve essere molto veloce; preferibilmente senza file system lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    P6(( ((($//78zy x  $$&$`6W03zR  W03Wingdingsz>B@#239Problemi sulla performance se ci sono troppi page fault lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    j<"(((//45zy x  $$&$`6W03//369:zy x  $$&$`6W03zR  W03%Courier Newz>B@#W03 Esempi PACalibri@DF J     fBook to readW03W03./01zy x  $$&$`6W03u$Michele Di Cosmo u$Michele Di Cosmo zR  =03%Courier Newz>B@#>03 Performance PACalibri@DF J    fBook to read>03>03+,zy x  $$&$`6=03zR  =03%Courier Newz>B@#=03Gestione dei page fault PACalibri@DF J    *fzR  =03Wingdingsz>B@#m23Dopo aver reso disponibile la pagina richiesta, l'istruzione deve venir rieseguita in modo consistente (questo pu essere pi complicato di quanto sembra, nota di sid) lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    (f(B&'zy x  $$&$`6=03%()zy x  $$&$`6=03zR  =03%Courier Newz>B@#=03CValidit delle pagine ( presente o nella memoria secondaria?) PACalibri@DF J    TFf"#zy x  $$&$`6T=03zR  =03%Courier Newz>B@#=03IL'MMU gestisce le pagine non in memoria (e le richieste non pertinenti) PACalibri@DF J    ZLf zy x  $$&$`66=03 !$*-2;<zy x  $$&$`6=03zR  <03- Arial-z>B@#N23 Vantaggi: pACalibri>@DF HJ @DF J    2((zR  <03%Courier Newz>B@#L231I/O ridotti per il caricamento di un programma lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    X4( ($zy x  $$&$`6<03zR  <03%Courier Newz>B@#J235Meno consumo di memoria -> pi multiprogrammazione lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    \8((zy x  $$&$`6<03zR  <03%Courier Newz>B@#F231Spazio logico molto pi grande di quello fisico RACalibri @DF J    B4hzy x  $$&$`6<03u$Michele Di Cosmo zy x  $$&$`6<03u$Michele Di Cosmo =@ad8 z $  `6}}?@?@?snA+B+{?@  z $$LMNOu<0_$`6??@@HA,A??>>$Michele Di Cosmo +{?>.I;G'G6 >fL.r"Lr݉c0 $0e\OLM4b[j*9 - Memoria virtualezV-HN@l-HC  @l-H<@l!-H2  @l-H#@l-H @l-H  @l-HѠ)@l-HƠ @l-H  @l-H)@l-H @l-Hd$@l-HY @l-HL  @l-HB  @l-H%@l-H @l-H ! @l-H%"@l-H؟ #@l-HΟ $ @l-Hğ % @l-H8&@l-H '@l-Hc(@l-HX )@l-HN * @l-Hמw+@l-H̞ ,@l-HŞ/@l-H.@l-H - @l-H>v0@l-H3 1@l-H( 2 @l-H 3 @l-H+4@l-H 5@l-Hߝ 6 @l-H07@l-H 8@l-H9@l-H{ :@l-HL/;@l-HA <@l-H7 = @l-H">@l-H ?@l-H @ @l-H A @l-H B @l-H2C@l-H D@l-H E @l-H|)F@l-Hr G@l-Hh H @l-H=+I@l-H3 J@l-H) K @l-H3L@l-H M@l-H͛N@l-H› O@l-H P @l-H Q @l-H{1R@l-Hq S@l-Hg T @l-H:-U@l-H0 V@l-H& W @l-H-X@l-H Y@l-H Z @l-H/[@l-H \@l-H]@l-H ^@l-L `@l-H_@l-H a @l-H],b@l-HR c@l-HG d @l-H= e @l-H-f@l-H g@l-H h @l-H i @l-H j @l-HŽ#k@l-H l@l-H m @l-H,n@l-Hz o@l-HT&p@l-HJ q@l-H? 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T+ EBNUw   @VКzݳ30 OoEI@@tkbG@@Ndu-bE@@[2n(  @[Ċ  @d݊Q@@: SĊ  p-"  P7+w*IENDB`zR  h23%Courier Newz>B@#p23+Doppio buffer (sulla memoria del kernel) PACalibri@DF J    <.fzR  Y23Wingdingsz>B@#z23uQuando uno pieno, viene copiato nella memoria utente e se arrivano altri dati vengono scritti nel secondo buffer PACalibri@DF J    xf34zy x  $$&$`6\23zR  K23Wingdingsz>B@#Y23-Si usano due spazi per il buffer nel kernel PACalibri@DF J    >0f01zy x  $$&$`6R23/256zy x  $$&$`6k23zR  W23%Courier Newz>B@#23Sulla memoria del kernel PACalibri@DF J    ,fzR  ٺ23Wingdingsz>B@#F23Potrebbe per essere che le pagine di buffer siano piene e il tempo impiegato per copiarle nelle relative pagine dati dello spazio utente PACalibri@DF J    f*+zy x  $$&$`6ۺ23zR  Ǻ23Wingdingsz>B@#׺237Non soggetto a swap, quindi sono sempre in memoria PACalibri@DF J    H:f'(zy x  $$&$`6˺23&),-zy x  $$&$`6X23zR  ~23%Courier Newz>B@#~23Sulla memoria dell'utente PACalibri@DF J    ,fzR  23Wingdingsz>B@#Һ23yNel caso in cui le pagine del buffer non siano presenti in memoria quando arrivano dati pu far perdere parte di questi PACalibri@DF J    |f!"zy x  $$&$`623zR  23Wingdingsz>B@#231Il processo riserva della memoria per il buffer PACalibri@DF J    B4fzy x  $$&$`623 #$zy x  $$&$`6~23%.7zy x  $$ `623zR  P23- Arial-z>B@#"23 Buffering VACalibri$@DF HJ    l Importante2323zy x  $$&$`6R23u$Michele Di Cosmo u$Michele Di Cosmo zR  +13- Arial-z>B@#23Compiti del kernel VACalibri$@DF HJ    &lzR  [+13%Courier Newz>B@#23Gestione degli errori VACalibri$@DF HJ    (lzR  u,13Wingdingsz>B@#z,13Errori del dispositivo PACalibri@DF J    *fzR  ,13% Arial z>B@#,13)Che richiedono l'intervento dell'utente PACalibri@DF J    :,fzy x  $$&$`6,13zR  ,13% Arial z>B@#,13Non recuperabili PACalibri@DF J    $f  zy x  $$&$`6,13zR  |,13% Arial z>B@#,13 Transitori PACalibri@DF J    fzy x  $$&$`6,13  zy x  $$&$`6z,13zR  q,13Wingdingsz>B@#t,13Errori di programmazione PACalibri@DF J    ,fzy x  $$&$`6t,13zy x  $$&$`6`+13zR  U+13%Courier Newz>B@#W+13Accesso esclusivo PACalibri@DF J    $fzy x  $$&$`6W+13zR  ;+13%Courier Newz>B@#33[Spooling (buffer per i dispositivi che non supportano I/O interleaved, come le stampanti) PACalibri@DF J    l^fzy x  $$&$`6C+13zR  2+13%Courier Newz>B@#8+13 Caching PACalibri@DF J     fzy x  $$&$`68+13zR  *+13%Courier Newz>B@#++13 Buffering PACalibri@DF J    fzy x  $$&$`6++13zR  %+13%Courier Newz>B@#&+13 Scheduling PACalibri@DF J    fzy x  $$&$`6%+13 zy x  $$&$`6+13zR  *13- Arial-z>B@#23Modalit di gestione dell'I/O VACalibri$@DF HJ    0"lzR  *13%Courier Newz>B@#*13%I/O asincrono (ritorna e continua) PACalibri@DF J    6(fzy x  $$&$`6*13zR  *13%Courier Newz>B@#+13_I/O non bloccante (ritorna con i primi dati) (implementabile con thread e chiamate bloccanti) RACalibri @DF J    pbhzy x  $$&$`6*13zR  *13%Courier Newz>B@#*13#I/O bloccante (processo bloccato) PACalibri@DF J    4&fzy x  $$&$`6*13zy x  $$&$`6*13zR  !)13- Arial-z>B@#239Struttura della comunicazione con i dispositivi di I/O pACalibri>@DF HJ @DF J    `<(( z   ;G)13)Calibriz>B@#I)13 Controller PACalibri@DF J    fzy x  $$&$`6I)13 z   ;w+13)Calibriz>B@#P33=Driver delle interruzioni (si occupa di mantenere lo stato) pACalibri>@DF HJ @DF J    d@((# ImportanteP33P33 z   ;L33)Calibriz>B@#M33#Continuareil processo selezionato PACalibri@DF J    4&fzy x  $$&$`6C33 z   ;L33)Calibriz>B@#M335Caricare i registri del nuovo processo dal suo PCB PACalibri@DF J    F8fzy x  $$&$`6B33 z   ;L33)Calibriz>B@#M335Organizzare un contesto per il processo successivo PACalibri@DF J    F8fzy x  $$&$`6633 z   ;$33)Calibriz>B@#.33;Eventualmente cambiare lo stato di un processo in attesa lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    b>(8(zy x  $$&$`6+33 z   ;33)Calibriz>B@# 33aEseguire la procedura di servizio (che accede al dispositivo; una per ogni tipo di dispositivo) PACalibri@DF J    rdfzy x  $$&$`633 z   ;33)Calibriz>B@#33'Creare la copia dei registri nel PCB PACalibri@DF J    8*fzy x  $$&$`633 z   ;33)Calibriz>B@#33CACK al cntrollore degli interrupt (per avere interrupt annidati) PACalibri@DF J    TFfzy x  $$&$`633 z   ;33)Calibriz>B@#33IImposta un contesto per la procedura di servizio (TLB, MMU, stack, ...) PACalibri@DF J    ZLfzy x  $$&$`633 z   ;33)Calibriz>B@#33Salva i registri della CPU PACalibri@DF J    . fzy x  $$&$`633 zy x  $$&$`6w+13  z   ;F)13)Calibriz>B@#533Driver del dispositivo (si occupano di comandare il controller e controllare cosa viene chiesto) (devono essere rientranti) (devono essere uniformi con quello che si aspetto il SO) pACalibri>@DF HJ @DF J    (( Importante533533 z   ;33)Calibriz>B@#33Restituire il risultato PACalibri@DF J    *fzy x  $$&$`633 z   ;33)Calibriz>B@#335Controllare lo stato dell'operazione nel controller PACalibri@DF J    F8fzy x  $$&$`633 z   ;x33)Calibriz>B@#33cPassare il processo in wait (I/O interrupt driven) o attendere la fine dell'operazione busy-wait PACalibri@DF J    tffzy x  $$&$`633 z   ;p33)Calibriz>B@#x331Eseguire le operazioni, accedente al controller PACalibri@DF J    B4fzy x  $$&$`6q33 z   ;`33)Calibriz>B@#o33IAccodare le richieste in una coda di operazioni (soggette a scheduling) PACalibri@DF J    ZLfzy x  $$&$`6f33 z   ;W33)Calibriz>B@#`33!Controllare i parametri passati PACalibri@DF J    2$fzy x  $$&$`6`33u$Michele Di Cosmo  zy x  $$&$`6G)13 z   ;5)13)Calibriz>B@#+13A(Kernel - Sottosistema di I/O) ( indipendente dai dispositivi) PACalibri@DF J    RDfzy x  $$&$`6<)13 z   ;4)13)Calibriz>B@#5)13 Kernel PACalibri@DF J     fzy x  $$&$`65)13 z   ;,)13)Calibriz>B@#4)13 Applicativo PACalibri@DF J    fzy x  $$&$`64)13 zy x  $$&$`6#)13z? ;>"a23ЌzO—iʤo$=G6 gFf> + Mv 7ɼKpV[Y™;r{D4ORs3+{V||kS1{0_)r`-:oׁ@(> @<p> <span style='font-size:46pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> Su registr shadow <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:46pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> Salvataggio della CPU <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:46pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> Su stack del kernel <br/> <br/> </span></p> <br/> <table border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook:480;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext;mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid windowtext'> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0'> <td > </td> <td > <p> <span style='font-size:46pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> Su stack deli&#8217; utente <br/> <br/> </span></p> </td> <td > </td> </tr> </table> <br/> Su registr shadow Salvataggio della CPU Su stack deli utente Su stack del kernelv,?@@By @@>@+@&N@#@v@0@yA#@@0@v,?@@??>@_Cy@\?@>@|n?ڱA[?F@[b? 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Conosco il PC. PACalibri@DF J    TFfzy x  $$&$`6(13zy x  $$&$`6(13zy x  $$&$`6(13zR  (13Wingdingsz>B@#z23Problemi dello stato VACalibri$@DF HJ    (lzR  (13% Arial z>B@#(13mcon CPU superscalari (ho gi eseguito alcune istruzioni successive e ho modificato lo stato di conseguenza) PACalibri@DF J    ~pf zy x  $$&$`6?(13zR  (13% Arial z>B@#(13scon CPU con pipeline (sto puntando alla prossima istruzione da mettere nella pipeline, non a quella da eseguire) PACalibri@DF J    vf zy x  $$&$`65(13zy x  $$&$`6(13zR  -(13Wingdingsz>B@#.(13Dove? PACalibri@DF J     fzR  /(13% Arial z>B@#k23 Su stack VACalibri$@DF HJ    lzR  /(13Wingdings 2"z>B@#t23'Del kernel (overhead per MMU e cache) ACalibriZ@DF HJ @DF J @DF J    b*,( (((xyzy x  $$&$`6'13zR  /(13Wingdings 2"z>B@#r233Dell'utente (problemi di sicurezza e page-fault) ACalibriZ@DF HJ @DF J @DF J    n6,( (((uvzy x  $$&$`6'13twz{zy x  $$&$`6'13zR  /(13% Arial z>B@#i23-Su dei registri shadow (niente annidamento) ACalibriZ@DF HJ @DF J @DF J    h0,((((qrzy x  $$&$`6'13ps|}zy x  $$&$`6.(13o~zy x  $$&$`6'13nzy x  $$`623zR  '13- Arial-z>B@#23Gestione degli interrupt VACalibri$@DF HJ    ,lklzy x  $$&$`6'13iz? ;>"a23ЌzO—iʤo$=G6 gFfҁz䁃ߖT&oiL/[3 k%hb"L2̀{)-R\xgMDD^>'΂>ZS]64Xw jC@ $@<p> <span style='font-size:34pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> Modi di I/O <br/> </span><span style='font-size:21pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> I <br/> </span><span style='font-size:34pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> Interrogazione <br/> Ad interrupt DMA! 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IENDB`zR  ]/3%Courier Newz>B@#/35 - Block interleaved parit (come striping, ma ad ogni stripe un disco memorizza l'informazione di parit della rimanente stripe; alta resistenza, discrete performance) PACalibri@DF J    fJKzy x  $$&$`6^/3zR  >/3%Courier Newz>B@#]/3M1 - Mirroring/Shadowing (duplicato intero; basse performance in scrittura) PACalibri@DF J    ^PfGHzy x  $$&$`6?/3zR  /3%Courier Newz>B@#=/3K0 - Striping (dati parallelizzati: alta performance, nessuna ridondanza) PACalibri@DF J    \NfDEzy x  $$&$`6/3CFILzy x  $$`623zR  /3- Arial-z>B@#23yRAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive/Independent Disks) - implementa affidabilit memorizzando informazioni ridondanti pACalibri>@DF HJ @DF J    |((s@Azy x  $$&$`6/3zR  @/3- Arial-z>B@#G23Gestione dell'area di swap VACalibri$@DF HJ    . lzR  /3%Courier Newz>B@#Q23aAlloca lo spazio per ogni pagina non corrispondente ad un file sul FS (es. DLL) (Windows 2000) pACalibri>@DF HJ @DF J    d(E(;<zy x  $$&$`6/3zR  /3%Courier Newz>B@#R23/Alloca lo spazio solo al page-out (Solaris 2) pACalibri>@DF HJ @DF J    j2,((( ( 89zy x  $$&$`6/3zR  V/3%Courier Newz>B@#J23gAlloca lo spazio subito per il processo e per i segmenti text, lo stack invece su richiesta (4.3BSD) pACalibri>@DF HJ @DF J    j((N56zy x  $$&$`6Z/347:=>zy x  $$&$`6H/32z? ;>"a@23ЌzO—iʤo$=G6 gFfL肯 qD{FtTGB?)3ǩ(pe!OW }.c%&D,OTU+q2)Wy "ff+̆9A7@ <p> <span style='font-size:21pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";font-weight:bold;'> SSTF <br/> </span><span style='font-size:20pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";font-weight:bold;'> Shortest seek </span><span style='font-size:31pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";font-weight:bold;'> I </span><span style='font-size:21pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";font-weight:bold;'> time first <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:21pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";font-weight:bold;'> LOOK <br/> Come scAN, m <br/> </span><span style='font-size:29pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";font-weight:bold;'> <u>mnon </span><span style='font-size:21pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";font-weight:bold;'> va in fondo) </u><br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:20pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";font-weight:bold;'> Schedulazione delI&#8217;I/O <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:17pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> 1 <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:20pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";font-weight:bold;'> I <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:20pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";font-weight:bold;'> C&#45;SCAN <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:20pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";font-weight:bold;'> C&#45;LOOK <br/> <br/> </span></p> <br/> <table border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook:480;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext;mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid windowtext'> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0'> <td > <p> <span style='font-size:56pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> r <br/> </span><span style='font-size:31pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";font-weight:bold;'> L. <br/> <br/> </span></p> </td> <td > <p> <span style='font-size:20pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";font-weight:bold;'> SCAN (Scandisce <br/> I&#8217;intera </span><span style='font-size:20pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";font-weight:bold;'> area) <br/> <br/> </span></p> </td> </tr> </table> <br/> BSSTF Shortest seek I time first LOOK Come scAN, m mnon va in fondo) Schedulazione delI I/O 1 I r L. 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Agli estremi inverte la direzione) pACalibri>@DF HJ @DF J    (()*zy x  $$&$`6f/3zR  I/3%Courier Newz>B@#23SSTF - Shortest seek time first (minor tempo di seek dalla posizione corrente) [molto comune, semplice, abbastanza efficiente] pACalibri>@DF HJ @DF J    (({&'zy x  $$&$`6L/3zR  8/3%Courier Newz>B@#23!FCFS - First come first served pACalibri>@DF HJ @DF J    H$((#$zy x  $$&$`69/3"%(+.1zy x  $$`6$23zR  !/3- Arial-z>B@#023AAlgoritmi per la schedulazione delle richieste di I/O su disco VACalibri$@DF HJ    RDl 9 zy x  $$&$`6%/3zR  /3- Arial-z>B@#23Tempi di accesso: pACalibri>@DF HJ @DF J    :((zR  /3%Courier Newz>B@#23Il compito del SO quello di minimizzare il seek time (perch tener traccia della posizione angolare del disco difficile) lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    "(((Gzy x  $$&$`6/3zR  /3%Courier Newz>B@#23QLatenza di rotazione (tempo aggiuntivo per mettere il settore sotto la testina) pACalibri>@DF HJ @DF J    xT((< zy x  $$&$`6/3zR  /3%Courier Newz>B@#23+Seek time (tempo per spostare le testine) pACalibri>@DF HJ @DF J    R.( (!zy x  $$&$`6/3zy x  $$&$`6/3zR  /3- Arial-z@#23YDischi come array di blocchi logici, mappato sui settori del disco in modo sequenziale dACalibri>@DF J @DF HJ   \"( ((4zzy x  $$&$`6/3u$Michele Di Cosmo !3?B z $  `6R?@?@?iAАA+{?@  Nz $$uNOLM<0_$`6$Michele Di Cosmo PAA@@????>>+{?>>I9haDeCrC"6OOkCB&uJ $0eї@oO#eǎkP@vi411 - Struttura dei dischizV-Px  -P +-P -Pp  -P   -P(-P -P8  -P- -Px -P(  -P4-P0 -P%-P -P`  -P0&-P -P ! -P0 " -P'#-P $-PP % -P3&-P` '-P ( -PX 7)-P  *-P  + -P E,-P0  --P . -P06/-P 0-Lwd 2-L1-Hw 3 -Hm 4 -H=05-H2 6-H( 7 -H+8-H 9-H : -H/;-H <-H!=-H >-Hx ? -HF2@-H; A-H1 B -H' C -H&D-H E-H F -H&G-H H-H I -H2J-Ht K-L M-LL-H N,-HO -HQ-H P -HR-HS -HV-HyU-Ho T -HO W-HHZ-HAY-H7 X -H[Y0 Y0 d6|K3‹zV `2c; ,-$($K3‹zVp2c; ,-耀O /5b!g7칚!$`/ 70.N>0$`Ti&d0 7(8k(`%V:D#_ý-P8  0-P8  7-P`7 ) -P6  P9 8K3‹ z @#/313.37 RACalibri @CF J     hyz{ zy x  $$ 4`6/3u$Michele Di Cosmo u$Michele Di Cosmo z @#/3luned 19 marzo 2007 RACalibri @CF J    (huvw zy x  $$ 4`6/3u$Michele Di Cosmo u$Michele Di Cosmo txz $  4 >`6}}?@?@?? z@#/3'12 - Implementazione del File System HACalibri"@CDTF J   4*^ qr zy x  $$`6/3u$Michele Di Cosmo pz $  >`6}}?@?@??@ osz> $`6 zR  R/3- Arial-z>B@#23Journalled file system (JFS) pACalibri>@DF HJ @DF J    F"((zR  /3%Courier Newz>B@#/3#Esempi: XFS, JFS, ReiserFS, EXT3 PACalibri@DF J    4&fjkzy x  $$&$`6/3zR  /3%Courier Newz>B@#23CAdatti se serve una alta affidabilit e minimi tempi di recupero RACalibri @DF J    TFhghzy x  $$&$`6/3zR  m/3%Courier Newz>B@#/3I metadati vengono scritti nel journal (o log: area a parte) prima che vengano modificati. Se avviene un crash sufficiente ripercorrere il journal PACalibri@DF J    fdezy x  $$&$`6m/3cfilmzy x  $$&$`6W/3zR  /3- Arial-z>B@#{23Inconsistenza: soluzioni pACalibri>@DF HJ @DF J    B( ( zR  ;/3%Courier Newz>B@#23APrevenire l'inconsistenza usanto i file system journalled (JFS) lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    hD(9(^_zy x  $$&$`6B@#23YRecuperare i dati sfruttando la ridondanza dei metadati (lenti e non sempre funzionali) lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    \(7(![\zy x  $$&$`6/3Z]`azy x  $$&$`6/3Xz? ;>"a23ЌzO—iʤo$=G6 gFfd{u/+85W8^ Q O~K;2gcBA@<p> <span style='font-size:32pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> Affidabilit Soluzioni <br/> </span><span style='font-size:22pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> T </span><span style='font-size:4pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> ___._______ <br/> _ <br/> </span><span style='font-size:32pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> Dei dat&#91; RAID Backup <br/> metadati <br/> </span><span style='font-size:22pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> / <br/> </span><span style='font-size:32pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> Fisico <br/> (immagine) <br/> Logico <br/> </span><span style='font-size:33pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";'> (selettivo)J <br/> <br/> </span></p> Affidabilit Soluzioni T ___._______ _ Dei dat[ RAID Backup metadati / Fisico (immagine) Logico (selettivo)J j?@?VաA*A8@@?VU`AVU%?UU@@*AJ@VU@j?UUu@*ATUE?@@VUI@ ? 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Pu esere migliorata con la cache. lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    Z,(0( ((zy x  $$&$`6K/3zR  /3% Arial z>B@#K/3 Semplice PACalibri@DF J    fzy x  $$&$`6/3zy x  $$&$`6/3zy x  $$&$`6/3zR  L/3%Courier Newz>B@#23 Attributi: pACalibri>@DF HJ @DF J    4( (zR  j/3Wingdingsz>B@#23YMemorizzati in strutture esterne, quali gli inodes, puntate dalle entry nelle directory lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    \"( ((8zy x  $$&$`6m/3zR  Q/3Wingdingsz>B@#23GMemorizzati nelle entry delle directory (ad esempio Ms-Dos o Windows) lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    xJ"( ((zy x  $$&$`6Q/3zy x  $$&$`6P/3zy x  $$`623zR   /3- Arial-z>B@#23ODirectory (collegano i nome dei file ai loro attributi e al loro blocco dati) pACalibri>@DF HJ @DF J    vR( (Ezy x  $$&$`6"/3zR  /3- Arial-z>B@#n23Gestione dello spazio libero VACalibri$@DF HJ    0"l Importante2323zR  /3%Courier Newz>B@#23Implementato come PACalibri@DF J    $fzR  /3Wingdingsz>B@#23YLinked list: [lenta se dobbiamo attraversare la lista, ma buona per l'uso dello spazio] !ACalibriZ@DF HJ @DF J @DF J    \@( (('(((zy x  $$&$`6/3zR  /3Wingdingsz>B@#23Vettore di bit (block map o bitmap): 1 bit per ogni blocco [comoda, facile per trovare blocchi liberi, facile per trovare blocchi contigui, ma c' spreco di spazio] 5ACalibriZ@DF HJ @DF J @DF J    T((6(!((#( ((zy x  $$&$`6/3zy x  $$&$`6/3zy x  $$&$`6/3zR  /3- Arial-z>B@#Y23UInodes (unix) (gli inodes vengono alloccati in numero finito alla creazione del FS) ACalibriZ@DF HJ @DF J @DF J    X,(((1(zR  M/3%Courier Newz>B@#j23cRisulta in una dimensione massima indirizzabile pari a 4 TB ( oltre la capacit dei PC a 32 bit) lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    f(;('zy x  $$&$`6W/3zR  =/3%Courier Newz>B@#`235Risulta in un accesso pi veloce per i file piccoli RACalibri @DF J    F8hzy x  $$&$`6A/3zR  2/3%Courier Newz>B@#^235Gli indici indiretti vengono alloccati su richiesta RACalibri @DF J    F8hzy x  $$&$`66/3zR  /3%Courier Newz>B@#./3 Mantengono le seguenti informazioni: modo, UID, GID, dimensione, timestamp, numero di link hard che puntano all'inode, puntatori ai primi 12 blocchi (diretti) del file, puntatore al primo blocco indice del file, del secondo, del terzo (questo non viene mai usato) PACalibri@DF J     fzy x  $$&$`6/3zy x  $$&$`6/3z? ;>"a23ЌzO—iʤo$=G6 gFfLh|`16yc]+>/}K-3ω,aPNm&V'IڗP ZR,y,'YRpA`=@<p> <span style='font-size:17pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> I <br/> </span><span style='font-size:31pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> Allocazione <br/> Contigua Concatenata Indicizzata <br/> (framm. est., (blocchi (con tab. di <br/> <u>non crescono) concatenati) puntatori) </u><br/> <br/> </span></p> I Allocazione Contigua Concatenata Indicizzata (framm. est., (blocchi (con tab. di non crescono) concatenati) puntatori)F1?X>AT@33@X>v=(>A AN? @(!??5@ܒAiG?#m?33@AAiG?F1?@AiG? 33@X>v=(>A AN? @(!??Ҏ@J@W+@@\@iG?[A@%@iG?eA@x e@iG?r nrrFg\ň[3uPNG  IHDRrsRGBr?IDATx^EֆA$ !#YEsW5`VWYqU7+&̲95G1! 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\?~$T`rp(@q@S7 MP3襜@ `VG/$7~R(lܹhw=A$?jDH3wPz qF7m '0#8`ƍH u.o?WX1aԜ"SۑF^m5} 6[z%㚜#F9q&qDp *b7n٠ޢ~vWdxzJjİsc4$@znɈaݬB~0\Ǻ$5jHbz @R?. <2f 1ȼ;MfE cՎY @ 0cP'    ?2(H^}wL?$19H45b׮];QyH(^BN $ $6G $z=W\hѢy+R9_RRҼy֭[ ԩS': ֮]ˈ!p!$ۈQ#GjժK.\ot 8xf4iҢE J/F]=虳EH.ۈQ#ǻ9׬Y._o|\9 $n XߨQ#?)11d0\7i M6bXSL!_z5L'x&ˑ׫W$%(i-H:ۈQ#q.I$lO1'$ UF.2 )PC_I=T(H@IW;Ø$p%mEI'1lRIIHHHH m$@$@$@$@$ -(0IENDB`zR  h23%Courier Newz>B@#s33qAllocazione indicizzata (i puntatori ai blocchi di un file (sparpagliati) si mantengono in una tabella indice) ACalibri^@DF HJ @DF HJ @DF J    t"( ( (X Importantes33s33zR  h23Wingdingsz>B@#s33La struttura per memorizzare l'indice porta a overhead (non so a priori quanto grande sar il mio file) -> Non sufficiente un solo blocco indice lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    (6(]zR  33% Arial z>B@#33mIndice a pi livelli: ogni indirizzo del blocco indice punta ad un'altro blocco indice di livello inferiore pACalibri>@DF HJ @DF J    p((Vzy x  $$&$`633zR  33% Arial z>B@#33QSchema concatenato: l'ultimo indirizzo un puntatore al prossimo blocco indice pACalibri>@DF HJ @DF J    xT((>zy x  $$&$`633u$Michele Di Cosmo zy x  $$&$`65/3zR  h23Wingdingsz>B@#M23?Supporta l'allocazione dinamica senza frammentazione esterna RACalibri @DF J    PBhzy x  $$&$`6 /3zR  h23Wingdingsz>B@#L23Supporta l'accesso random RACalibri @DF J    ,hzy x  $$&$`6/3zy x  $$&$`6/3zR  h23%Courier Newz>B@#z33cAllocazione concatenata (ogni file una lista concatenata di blocchi, situati ovunque nel disco) ACalibri^@DF HJ @DF HJ @DF J    f"( ( (K Importantez33z33zR  h23Wingdingsz>B@#/3}Variante: La FAT simile: i link della lista viene per memorizzata in una struttura dedicata all'inizio della partizione lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    ( (r|}zy x  $$&$`6/3zR  h23Wingdingsz>B@#C23-Non c' frammentazione esterna, n interna RACalibri @DF J    >0hyzzy x  $$&$`6/3zR  h23Wingdingsz>B@#>23-Non supporta l'accesso diretto tramite seek RACalibri @DF J    >0hvwzy x  $$&$`6/3zR  h23Wingdingsz>B@#/3Semplice l'accesso PACalibri@DF J    &fstzy x  $$&$`6/3zR  h23Wingdingsz@#;23)Lo spazio viene alloccato su richiesta `ACalibri:@DF J @DF J   L,((vpqzy x  $$&$`6t/3 orux{~zy x  $$&$`68/3zR  h23%Courier Newz>B@#23SAllocazione contigua (ogni file occupa un insieme di blocchi contigui sul disco) ACalibri^@DF HJ @DF HJ @DF J    V"( ( (=zR  h23Wingdingsz>B@#!/3cFrammentazione interna se sono obbligati ad alloccare tutto lo spazio che potenzialmente useranno PACalibri@DF J    tffjkzy x  $$&$`6/3zR  h23Wingdingsz>B@#"23SProblema nella crescita dei file (non possono crescere o portano frammentazione) lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    V"("((ghzy x  $$&$`6/3zR  h23Wingdingsz>B@#23!Porta a frammentazione esterna lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    H$((dezy x  $$&$`6/3zR  h23Wingdingsz>B@#>23/Semplice l'accesso sia sequenziale che random PACalibri@DF J    @2f 'abzy x  $$&$`6/3`cfilmzy x  $$&$`6w/3_nzy x  $$`6{23zR  b23- Arial-z>B@#23Tipi di allocazione VACalibri$@DF HJ    &l\]zy x  $$&$`6b23zR  /3- Arial-z>B@#23+Mounting (del FS fisico in quello logico) pACalibri>@DF HJ @DF J    R.(("zR  ]/3%Courier Newz>B@#s/3Viene richiesto l'unmount PACalibri@DF J    ,fWXzy x  $$&$`6e/3zR  N/3%Courier Newz>B@#]/3#Il kernel determina il tipo di FS PACalibri@DF J    4&fTUzy x  $$&$`6W/3zR  /3%Courier Newz>B@#23Punto di montaggio PACalibri@DF J    &f  zR  23Wingdingsz>B@#233configurabile (in qualsiasi punto, ad es. linux) lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    d6"( (#(OPzy x  $$&$`623zR  23Wingdingsz>B@#23 fisso (ad esempio A:, B:) lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    X ,((((LMzy x  $$&$`623KNQRzy x  $$&$`6/3zR  /3%Courier Newz>B@#/3Tipi: PACalibri@DF J     f zR  /3Wingdingsz>B@#n23dinamico (caldo) lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    :(( FGzy x  $$&$`6/3zR  /3Wingdingsz>B@#l23al boot (freddo) lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    :(( CDzy x  $$&$`6/3BEHIzy x  $$&$`6/3AJSVYZzy x  $$&$`6/3zR  /3- Arial-z>B@#23iTabella dei file aperti (tabella di file control block) [problemi di affidabilit se manca la corrente] pACalibri>@DF HJ @DF J    l((QzR  /3%Courier Newz>B@#/3[Al close le informazioni vengono riportate sul disco e il file control block dealloccato PACalibri@DF J    l^f<=zy x  $$&$`6/3zR  /3%Courier Newz>B@#/3/Alle altre operazioni si useranno questi dati PACalibri@DF J    @2f9:zy x  $$&$`6/3zR  }/3%Courier Newz>B@#`23/All'open si caricano i dati relativi al file RACalibri @DF J    @2h67zy x  $$&$`6/358;>?zy x  $$&$`6/33z? ;>"aX23ЌzO—iʤo$=G6 gFfn(L0,$ξUsg?l piR5I\dJ>:6FAx.|`Ԧ<s[ <span style='font-size:6pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";font-weight:bold;'> A <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:11pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> A <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:42pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";font-weight:bold;'> I <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:42pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";font-weight:bold;'> I <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:19pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> Programma <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:17pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> Organizzazione del file <br/> </span><span style='font-size:4pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> &#45; </span><span style='font-size:17pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> Effettua Ia traduzione degli indirizzi logici in <br/> fi sic i <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:28pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> / <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:19pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> Controller (Dispositivo) <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:8pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> &#8212; <br/> </span><span style='font-size:19pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> / Driver (Controllo dell&#8217;l/O) <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:19pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> File System di base <br/> &#45;Comanda i driver <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:15pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> r <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:18pt;font-family:"Helvetica, 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Iz $$uNOLM<0_$`6$Michele Di Cosmo HA,A@@????>>+{?>>I9haDeCrC"6CC9}]>8N5_, $0eCWmCK`jN13 - Il File System (appunti generali)zV -PF  @l-P@F  @l-PD*@l-PD @l-PHD  @l-PB*@l-PB @l-PPB  @l-P@+@l-P@ @l-P?@l-PP? @l-P>  @l-P>  @l-P=@l-P`= @l-P= @l-P<!@l-P; "@l-P: #@l-Ph: $@l-P: % @l-P9 &@l-P8 '@l-P8)@l-PH8( @l-T v +@l-Tȹ Z*@l-P , @l-T0O K .@l-PG -@l-PG / @l-PF 0@l-PF 1 @l-T 1 3@l-P 2@l-P 4 @l-P 5@l-P( 6 @l-P 7 @l-P '8@l-PH 9@l-P : @l-P ';@l-Ph <@l-P = @l-P )>@l-Px ?@l-P( @ @l-P % @l-P A@l-Px &B@l-P C@l-P D @l-P E@l-P F @l-T8j pH@l-T^ G@l-P] I,@l-PP] J @l-P] M@l-P\ L@l-P\ K @l-Ph[ %N@l-PZ O @l-PZ Q@l-PhZ P @l-PpY R@l-P8Y U@l-PY T@l-PX S @l-PW V@lY0 Y0 dkMK3‹zV! `({G6^27u$P$K3‹zV"p({G6^27u耀}}KĜ @칚!$`guW /3Nݺ(`)<A͖u8-P 0-P 7-P0+ -P -Ppih K3‹ z @#T/314.59 RACalibri @CF J     h zy x  $$ 4`6/3u$Michele Di Cosmo u$Michele Di Cosmo z @#T/3luned 19 marzo 2007 RACalibri @CF J    (h zy x  $$ 4`6/3u$Michele Di Cosmo z $  4 >`6*?M?@?@?? z@#/314 - Esempi di File System HACalibri"@CDTF J   * ^ zy x  $$`6/3u$Michele Di Cosmo u$Michele Di Cosmo z $  >`6*?M?@?@??@ z> $`6 z@#M/3OLa tabella intermedia necessaria per la condivisione dei file tra processi DACalibri@DF J   |R"((I(Zzy x  $$`6F/3 z $  `6=?@?@?Ӷ@:?ûA@ zR  ?33- Arial-333z>B@#?33Partizionamento del disco RACalibri @DF 333J    ,hz>B@#}/3 PACalibri@DF J    fzy x  $$`6/3z>B@#/3 PACalibri@DF J    f zy x  $$`6/3zR  ?33%Courier New333z>B@#?33+Aumentare la velocit di boot e di backup RACalibri @DF 333J    <.hz>B@#/3 PACalibri@DF J    fzy x  $$`6/3z>B@#/3 PACalibri@DF J    fzy x  $$`6/3z $`6zy x  $$&$`6b/3zR  ?33%Courier New333z>B@#?33Limitare la dimensione RACalibri @DF 333J    *hzy x  $$&$`6Y/3zR  ?33%Courier New333z>B@#?33Se uno non funziona pi... RACalibri @DF 333J    . hzy x  $$&$`6K/3zR  ?33%Courier New333z>B@#?33 Usi diversi RACalibri @DF 333J    hzy x  $$&$`6"/3 zy x  $$&$`6/3zR  /3- Arial-z>B@#B33NTFS VACalibri$@DF HJ     lzR  //3%Courier Newz>B@#E33MFT VACalibri$@DF HJ    lzR  /3Wingdingsz>B@#,33 Directory VACalibri$@DF HJ    lzR  /3% Arial z>B@#233Directory lunghe lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    :( (zR  /3Wingdings 2"z>B@#533?Implementate come un fili non-resident, strutturati a B-tree RACalibri @DF J    PBhzy x  $$&$`6/3zy x  $$&$`6/3zR  /3% Arial z>B@#/33Directory corte lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    8( (zR  /3Wingdings 2"z>B@#033/Implementate come una lista in un record MFT RACalibri @DF J    @2h~zy x  $$&$`6/3}zy x  $$&$`6/3|zy x  $$&$`6/3zR  /3Wingdingsz>B@#33!File residenti e non-residenti VACalibri$@DF HJ    2$lzR  /3% Arial z>B@##33I valori degli attributi possono essere scritti direttamente nell'MFT (resident attribute, 'short file') o memorizzati in un blocco separato (non-resident attribute, 'long file'). Anche l'attributo data (per i dati) pu essere residente. PACalibri@DF J    fwxzy x  $$&$`6/3vyzzy x  $$&$`6/3zR   /3Wingdingsz>B@#33ULe prime 16 entry descrivono l'MFT stesso e il volume (come il superblock in unix) lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    |X(5(stzy x  $$&$`6/3zR  /3Wingdingsz>B@#33+Il primo blocco indicato nel boot block RACalibri @DF J    <.hpqzy x  $$&$`6/3zR  /3Wingdingsz>B@#339Posizione indifferente nel disco e dimensione dinamica RACalibri @DF J    J<hmnzy x  $$&$`6/3zR  /3Wingdingsz>B@#33EFile di sistema con record di 1 KB descriventi un file o directory lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    lH((/jkzy x  $$&$`6/3 iloru{zy x  $$&$`60/3zR  /3%Courier Newz>B@#33Allocazione a cluster RACalibri @DF J    (hfgzy x  $$&$`6"/3zR  /3%Courier Newz>B@#33SMeccanismo transazionale per i metadati (logging) (sembrerebbe journalled quindi) RACalibri @DF J    dVhcdzy x  $$&$`6/3zR  /3%Courier Newz>B@#33AE' possibile raggruppare partizioni logiche in un volume logico RACalibri @DF J    RDh`azy x  $$&$`6/3zR  /3%Courier Newz>B@#33ANomi dei file in Unicode di lunghezza massima di 255 caratteri lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    hD((.]^zy x  $$&$`6/3zR  /3%Courier Newz>B@#33Indirizzamento a 64 bit RACalibri @DF J    *hZ[zy x  $$&$`6/3zR  /3%Courier Newz>B@#33[Il file visto come oggetto costituito da attributi. Ogni attributo uno stream di byte lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    ^((DWXzy x  $$&$`6/3 VY\_behzy x  $$&$`6/3zR  /3- Arial-z>B@#B33EXT2 (derivato da UFS) VACalibri$@DF HJ    *lzR  X/3%Courier Newz>B@#33wIl superblock memorizza tipo di FS, 1 inode, n. Gruppi, n. Blocchi e inode liberi (abbiamo superblock copie quindi) PACalibri@DF J    zfQRzy x  $$&$`6\/3zR  8/3%Courier Newz>B@#33cIl disco viene suddiviso in gruppi (di 9182 blocchi), ma senza rispettare la geometria del disco lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    f@((((((+NOzy x  $$&$`68/3zR  /3%Courier Newz>B@#33ICome UFS, ma ha blocchi solo della stessa dimensione (niente frammenti) lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    zL"( (((KLzy x  $$&$`6*/3JMPSTzy x  $$&$`6/3zR  v/3- Arial-z>B@#A33UFS: Unix File System VACalibri$@DF HJ    (lzR  /3%Courier Newz>B@#33qOgni cilindro del disco possiede un superblock, una tabella degli inode e i dati -> si riduce il tempo di seek lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    t"(P((EFzy x  $$&$`6/3zR  /3%Courier Newz>B@#/3MImplementa una cache di directory per aumentare l'efficienza di traduzione PACalibri@DF J    ^PfBCzy x  $$&$`6/3zR  /3%Courier Newz>B@#s33Esistono sia blocchi (di 4~6 KB) che i frammenti (di 0,5~1 KB): l'ultima parte dei file viene memorizzata in frammenti -> Meno frammentazione interna, aumenta la velocit di I/O lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    "(>(;(9?@zy x  $$&$`6/3>ADGHzy x  $$&$`6w/3zR  /3- Arial-z>B@#?33 Inodes: VACalibri$@DF HJ     lzR  g33%Courier Newz>B@#b33Massimo 8 link simbolici (i link simbolici sono soft link, simi ai link di windows, solo che si possono riferire uni agli altri) lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    ((i9:zy x  $$&$`6?/3zR  /3%Courier Newz>B@#_33OHard Link: Entry differenti delle directory possono puntare allo stesso inode RACalibri @DF J    `Rh67zy x  $$&$`6/3zR  /3%Courier Newz>B@#$/3Tabelle del system space: PACalibri@DF J    ,fzR  /3Wingdingsz@#[33QAd un fork i figli ereditano una copia della tabella dei file aperti del padre ~FACalibri @DF J   ^T\12zy x  $$&$`6/3/z? ;>"al/3ЌzO—iʤo$=G6 gFf=!lAZZ5ċ? |~wXS‹Pɬ̤}i%jN@/.exݿ5xC x*@:,@<p> <span style='font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";'> read </span><span style='font-size:11pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";font-weight:bold;'> (4, </span><span style='font-size:5pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> ...) <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";'> data blocks <br/> inodes <br/> </span><span style='font-size:11pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";font-weight:bold;'> list <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:11pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";'> user </span><span style='font-size:11pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";font-weight:bold;'> space system space </span><span style='font-size:11pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> disk </span><span style='font-size:11pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";font-weight:bold;'> space <br/> <br/> </span></p> read (4, ...) data blocks inodes list user space system space disk space v>@a?P >Cy-Av,?ܒ@2AP >v>@a?P >l(/Av,?X?4W>Cy-AX?1.AJ@ !?0W> 1Aũ_@ >0W>v>ܒ@2AP >v>@X?0W>#m?@>P >ĩ?@>P > l(/Av,?X?4W>Cy-AX?1.AJ@ !?0W> 1Aũ_@ >0W>%v>\@X?>+#m?\@F1? 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GUf" "P^rTm{\D@ A@$%E@DU!IJ@y QUs(9B4*o۫" "PF(Iot.E RmC+UA4BHC.!eXD oBdx,"B@SQZD@D@B MYD@D@# GkIA@*4eHUz%ID@D 9ДED@D =rT鱖$B@SQZD@D@B MYD@D@# GkIA@*4eHUz%ID@ɓ'wޫW⪬U\$UOn޼9pׯ_DžC*.*GD@D'>U9ДED@JG`֭˗w޽vϞ=|Þ---W2dH[[?~<`H`Po@K:s凰eO 6Y\ތԩh=|ٳq?rxbԩ\dŠ Gս{wokuÆ FTSz({3߶Np`{>6ᥪ0g p7n N*7С/^9s\z:tZs3Zxq8drT)䈀_;YNHѣGH-\۷oBlŪ9裏HpݻwC&Gr@^,Q>0ٓw88!1KPAn۶mŊ\dw(fΜXsθ7NHp͛7>}:5LX$4C凰eO 6eqh} LRRD@K@m@!QUy^5B*D3II(/9j." fIR y\9QE" "1(͸Qi%C#,QeA]2E@D(ShB_6PWPY,]K0*v]ڲeK rTA(),[ya;1Nq[7M<~͟?\BhGq-.VDZjU,9*," A_ߔ)SH1cUb? 1†z)օ ,ʕ+qWlek^DPT]v%"/kg iLDC=B]D@JI`}y>}J,aVcǎy͝;wѢEDbd2vQH D@D>}ͻ^Dd).]W:⫀TOb\ ̂vQH D@D c_|XMtD3ǐCeYA.+nD{U9?Ť'HnZZZڭU@D}qr׬)R<|ߧ߹sө^^;x Od K3kkkk[[^E<AՕ+WnX֮ڭQ(H0In{+$D NGh:R\cK`y~_[x0eYb:.b! eJȴTlܛtB-`ԨQs̙1cF娒Yd $]~pMR%m#4ӏ?܎JkTޭ*MD@~!dZj;vu_|娚UA"ꫯbӇe˖ 4V2rTeheQD!k%92 n2:$]~pMR%m#4[ 8^3rNM֟FTޭ*MD@'cK5 (GID QSEO@*~*QD@D FrT1TQ" " J^OfPGD)E ^v:BIvM!^׊j&G%GIJכGpRtT1?FPD@JM@ͯʋ@ Q忍U_IC(59R7*/" ' G6" Dxu.T%# GUWuE ,;ܹaP>C@* 5X|g̘Z1/)mU\;Sh.?&J)8v̙3+r ¶/_hӿ{)כ]J*FsRQy!o3}ǏgjU~4_̪_:%EQ?߿9Z僀U>AZ@x8zWUV;wo3gNnP?P1VVQZJ:(Q{4c);vj "g <"c['WB3E͕a,.FP͈ʷ> pQѣ蕧+C^N% Ux)UNA4&zI@NqTt: tdwӺ!.V cp;7-[m۪%.1EV^1I3p;O" "P aU ɧ~z֭Ǐ֭={X⁶axD(wrjĉXwމNcǎL|E%]P`ϒ֭VukV5\|яP'Nr| Oo4xbdK){,Ҳ*;7n\$d%u͊䊀@HGedxXd3gիWi={dd羳$_YLbIу+"BM׮]CIaٲeˉJRCD(J3#6mdP0 ޤ0Zp!onȕUV Uq9&qu󹩿 /1VwsɠbU;DzdN;SL3a_P?`֥l>x!{M2؈O>n39}t$/"h#1h)w1"sC" "L~} w2i$a{wk5$>&vs%W:1lWZ VWnB3ifuIRFG횉^p!#̊dJ>U20K.h.9*p?/2OX ͮ]Zlܕ+WHq!J," "#MXE%=}&[?͹Ӕe5aN#řG%JUV$WD@D r4RLD@D'rT\uH98*-P!Iعs' cLHi!diDJ KQ #VEOgc;R١0L =gdt' GR63;w4sTX !Cᶶ6v}c+Q},'l޼yu0cie-^gaS: Ν;@%mf w*MFyl=w .kfSN>%^x^X)WWT,³`Ţa,$aZ? cl΄TLؤ*-\*!;̤ՒKa.+,x'Ad< d J)E@rDw(#^VIF9dT 7 ;lW~ci+ѣd?対e˖%L:5F$=MD eMɤ.M`&qB~n*Tr]1A0j6drTrT Le<wˤ.mLTZ( W_|! jIrj9**t7:tP; c)$iB/Yl܍V,d"Q2AgRt#%( c)$H5ДED@D =rT鱖$4TS!, zW+>d961B \c)$]P?U8LDŊ@ ܃"KJ~" "wrTyo!'" %' GUrPE@D BOD@JN@ꋀ@ Q彅U @{ I?(99/" y' GaݻW+޽{g͚Uɓ'/F@7ɓ'7ڵkъr 3gBKr.\0nс׭[Q}SNUP*lGmڴ bQ0?rO>]m1j'Fi5"[f\\|9%{Ւ.Gn#ڮ]еcǎ[čq1cpGl޼~_vJs,̮{ZVw@a|᧷o|~7 Κ"hڂ\+W+òpKb&Uw]řvM?菇׿U~kG^#סMݩ j_Mje]oO~#F)]?O*ޝ)[*()o*mF* fO١TgMՏZ7B,oP(ӆ=wqbȆ=W\q)k _7o'+}a2Nؔرc+umrBTs't,LIձjѶl_6 Jnƪ805/A!G[xҬMؒҥKc?)epMjU7LMYC6 i;%~|au̝:Ш`eT6nH<=b?-WHDmYɡTEi9/z erC>Z߶@ ={f *bP+Ld<3ĔEwטu繚 Vao6uNnͺ޽{2AP$QlB]UluB`Hl>MIbo@#`?Q+LMEge#ʫZsS%ttÇV٭Yw}goq(U--@*VK:A,5jqb~Ya5e0NBUFlX7lŧ8eZ4);\Eڱcƃ'ˁXy "TTi(n */)Kf81֫Bdjn -%?gɼ4wh e~~Ģe~Fuq!881AA  i([C$~!U8.u*\9 uڴi&MIj ^@2Цo~,{;ֱssN4.ϛ'^RmK-"#3ܞfSC m2!n_Ԉ*.늳 uTYzvek ] Hrsr䖎UNx !HNk\-Ƴ*@ h/S6IU^rF \\,.Ո*5$" "Uj#" "9PK@rTa)@jRC-A" " aQ<" " J ! GF@*5$" "Uj#" "9PK@rTa)@jRC-A" " a{z\h<<5t*P/a@#*@&4 v J@*()ȄU&%TD@D (9ND@D rT`P䨂R:LQe]BE@D@ JJD@D@2! G v ͛͘73@E 1k>(Ͻ{9ydJXTp^ p={6I/ .\[q$G{IΈ[2," a4쨞uYfyD%Kө|=ȱe ʷzF]$ rU;v] IyrF`06g\N!=ztѢE67RmjW|:;Ifx>1]g\')`LzxSΖ((|gwEj:?~L,ך7np\ټy1c89qιH^KyС xb.޽{7A3g ٳ˗cٹ9,Xvrի^CU6kq,xR_͖j(M^K!acܕoX|͞ tzsJ3̘̀IO.wJn[DeHl جO.yV 8F8 #8 +{3Wd? G\]5Mkdى;q_)߫LCUV6g7Ӟ{j%[D>7b٣4KPaV<ع'9+Ӯ6öJ0qCsTj :ISr!78K.qb=hnyĈ|Ջ{rvћ&l pݺu[2noEq\裏}.^hgtE2V(W[!:>EF\ի'*d;!k$cc6m[[[q-Z|8O-\'*3B'`d˟M_P-<+UC̮2qo !Lh!7<^0VG]Ľav,6WfQ_e!j1%mUɭ&3`j s_ӭ6{<%!]q]Pػ$VJ!-^ɱ5*ߌ[u E@GǏw.P'"Pg&=رc&xB@#X33aTimestamp in formato epoch (seconda dal 01/01/1970 UTC, supporta fino al 19/01/2038 se 32 bit) lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    d((E*+zy x  $$&$`6/3),58;<zy x  $$&$`6/3zR  L/3- Arial-z>B@#>33Virtual File System VACalibri$@DF HJ    &lzR  r/3%Courier Newz>B@#S33gI file vengono identificati dal kernel tramite la coppia "ID logico del dispositivo" e "ID metadato" PACalibri@DF J    xjf$%zy x  $$&$`6u/3zR  /3%Courier Newz>B@#N339Implementa una visione omogenea dei file system fisici RACalibri @DF J    J<h!"zy x  $$&$`6a/3 #&'zy x  $$&$`6M/3zR  /3- Arial-z>B@#;33Directory in Windows 98 VACalibri$@DF HJ    *lzR  /3%Courier Newz>B@#K33Supporto per i nomi lunghi, compatibile all'indietro: vengono concatenati i descrittori delle directory in modo che il primo indichi il nome e corto e gli altri il nome lungo lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    (6(yzy x  $$&$`6/3zy x  $$&$`6/3zR  r/3- Arial-z>B@#533FAT12, FAT16, FAT32 VACalibri$@DF HJ    &lzR  /3%Courier Newz>B@#/3iIl numero di blocchi si calcola elevando 2 al numero di bit: 232 = 512 byte -> limite superiore = 2 TB kPlACalibri:@DF J @DF J    l"(>((' ΀22Z'DIekL2MDzy x  $$&$`6/3zR  /3%Courier Newz>B@#833;La FAT viene caricata interamente in memoria (in Ms-Dos) lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    b>(,( zy x  $$&$`6/3zy x  $$&$`6f/3u$Michele Di Cosmo (=IU z $  `6M?@?@?PA?+{?@  z $$uNOLM<0_$`6$Michele Di Cosmo PAA@@????>>+{?>NI9haDeCrC26?A9'ڝOTˆA $0eAU@g?Ǜ3p +.j614 - Esempi di File SystemzV"-P  -P  -Px*-P  -P  -PB-Ph -Ph -P -P  -Pp  -P9-PP -PP -P -P  -PP -P0$!-P "-P # -P@)$-P %-P &-P '-P0 ( -P ) -Ph/*-P +-P , -Px- -T/-T(S.-Pء 0 -PȠ"1-Px 2-Px 3-P  4-PО 5 -P&6-PH 7-P 8 -P`39-P :-P;-P <-Ph = -P > -PH:?-P @-P A -Pp&B-P C-PȔ D -P82E-P F-P G-P H-P0 I -P J -Px-K-P  L-PЎ M -P04N-P، O-P P -P0+Q-P؊ R-P؉ S-P T-P U -PȈ V -PX.W-P X-P Y -P Z-PX [-P \ -P+]-PX ^-P _ -P%`-P a-P8 b -P'c-P d-PX e -P`~f-P~ g-P} h -PP} i -P{+j-P{ k-PX{ l -P8z$m-Py n-Py o -Px"p-P8x q-Pw r -Pv-s-P0v t-Pu u -Pu v -Ps:w-Pxs x-Ppr!y-P r z-Pq { -Pxq | -P(q } -Pp"~-Po -Pn%-PPn -Pn -Pm -Pl$-P8l -Pk%-Pj -Pi-Pi -Ph-P@h -PPg-Pf -Pf -P@f -PPe-Pd -Pd -Pc -PPc -Pc -Pb -Pa -PPa -P0a-P` -P`-P_ -P^-P]"-Px] -P8] -PP\ -P\ -P([-P(Z -PY -P`Y -P Y -PW&-PW ,-P0W -PV-PV-PpV -PU-PU -PT-PT -PS-PXS-P S-PR -PQY0 Y0 dտbK3‹zV# ` 1~ Q&$$K3‹zV$p 1~ Q&耀AT»=hqC칚!$`zk :! $`qua(`%ɫG8Sf-P 0-Pp 7-P8' -P pK3‹ z @#.315.55 pRACalibri @CF J     h|}~ zy x  $$ 4`6.3u$Michele Di Cosmo u$Michele Di Cosmo z @#.3domenica 18 marzo 2007 RACalibri @CF J    *hxyz zy x  $$ 4`6.3u$Michele Di Cosmo u$Michele Di Cosmo w{z $  4 >`64C?@?@?? z@#.315 - Sistemi a pi processori HACalibri"@CDTF J   ,"^ tu zy x  $$`6.3u$Michele Di Cosmo sz $  >`64C?@?@??@ rvz> $`6 zR   33- Arial-z>B@#333Servizi distribuiti VACalibri$@DF HJ    &l zR  133%Courier Newz>B@#t33Esempio: NFS: file system trasparenti che si montano sul una dir locale. (stateless, problemi di coerenza dovuti alla cache, lock demandato a lockd e non a nfs) lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    (%(|mnzy x  $$&$`6e.3zR  .3%Courier Newz>B@#j33KSi pu usare l'RPC anche qui (ad esempio per un file system distribuito) RACalibri @DF J    \NhzR  ,33Wingdingsz>B@#+33eLa porta su cui l'RPC lavora pu essere prefissata o dinamica (tramite rendezvous: servizio del SO) PACalibri@DF J    h(c(fhizy x  $$&$`6+33gjkzy x  $$&$`6.3zR   33%Courier Newz>B@# 33GServizi implementati dal middleware (formato dai servizi distribuiti) pACalibri>@DF HJ @DF J    nJ(E(zR   33Wingdingsz>B@##33ACoordinazione distribuita: non so dove sono i dati consumabili lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    hD((%zR   33% Arial z>B@#2.3_Difficili da implementare in modo realmente distribuito: di solito si usa un server centrale PACalibri@DF J    pbf`azy x  $$&$`6.3zR   33% Arial z>B@# .3Uno spazio condiviso formato da liste di scalari dove posso eseguire operazioni elementari (inserimento, cancellazione, lettura, creazione di un processo) PACalibri@DF J    f]^zy x  $$&$`6.3\_bczy x  $$&$`6*.3zR   33Wingdingsz>B@#"33_Migrazione dei processi: non so dove vengono eseguiti i processi (esempio MSOIX, MS Wolfpack) lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    b((FzR   33% Arial z>B@#]33-Gli scheduler mantengono un carico omogeneo RACalibri @DF J    >0hWXzy x  $$&$`6.3VYZzy x  $$&$`6.3zR   33Wingdingsz>B@#33KMigrazione delle computazioni: non so dove vengono eseguite le istruzioni lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    rN((,zR   33% Arial z>B@#B33Globe RACalibri @DF J     hzR   33Wingdings 2"z>B@#.3ECome CORBA, ma gli oggetti possono essere localizzati su pi server PACalibri@DF J    VHfOPzy x  $$&$`6.3NQRzy x  $$&$`6.3zR   33% Arial z>B@#@33SCORBA (l'utente vede oggetti condivisi, senza sapere dove essi sono localizzati) lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    zV((LzR   33Wingdings 2"z>B@#X33EOgni oggetto localizzato su un solo server (limitata scalabilit) lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    lH(,(IJzy x  $$&$`6.3zR   33Wingdings 2"z>B@#N.3Cross-platform PACalibri@DF J    "fFGzy x  $$&$`6K.3EHKLzy x  $$&$`6.3zR   33% Arial z>B@#>33QRPC/RMI (vengono implementati dati/oggetti astratti accessibili dai client RPC) lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    xT((IBCzy x  $$&$`6.3ADMSTzy x  $$&$`6.3zR   33Wingdingsz>B@#33-Migrazione di dati: non so dove sono i dati lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    T0((zR   33% Arial z>B@#.3%Basato su file system distribuiti PACalibri@DF J    6(f<=zy x  $$&$`6f.3zR   33% Arial z>B@#z.3-Basato su documenti (es. WWW, Lotus Notes) PACalibri@DF J    >0f9:zy x  $$&$`6^.38;>?zy x  $$&$`6.37@U[dezy x  $$&$`6 33zR   33%Courier Newz>B@# 339Caratteristiche da implementare nei sistemi distribuiti pACalibri>@DF HJ @DF J    `<(()zR   33Wingdingsz>B@# 33_Struttura dei server: efficienti anche con grandi richieste (tanti processi / thread quindi) PACalibri@DF J    pbf23zy x  $$&$`6.3zR   33Wingdingsz>B@# 33cSistemi su larga scala: il carico per ogni componente deve essere indipendente dal nmero id nodi PACalibri@DF J    tff/0zy x  $$&$`6z.3zR   33Wingdingsz>B@# 33WScalabilit: si dovrebbero poter aggiungere nodi per aumentare i carichi sostenibili lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    ~Z( (J,-zy x  $$&$`6$.3zR   33Wingdingsz>B@# 33_Tolleranza ai guasti: i sistemi dovrebbero continuare a funzionare anche in seguito a guasti pACalibri>@DF HJ @DF J    b((IzR   33% Arial z>B@# 335Recuperare lo stato precedente dopo la riparazione lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    \8(( zR   33Wingdings 2"z>B@# 33aDeve venir rilevato un nuovo funzionamento, e questa informazione deve venir diramata. (ecc...) PACalibri@DF J    rdf%&zy x  $$&$`6.3$'(zy x  $$&$`6.3zR   33% Arial z>B@# 33/Riconfigurare il sistema per poter proseguire RACalibri @DF J    @2hzR   33Wingdings 2"z>B@# 33Una volta rilevato il guasto, l'informazione viene diramata. (ad esempio le tabelle di routing vengono adattate o servizi smettono di far richieste alla risorsa guasta) PACalibri@DF J    f zy x  $$&$`6+.3!"zy x  $$&$`6޾.3zR   33% Arial z>B@# 33+Individuare failures (ad esempio di link) lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    R.((zR   33Wingdings 2"z>B@# 33Viene usato l'hand-shaking PACalibri@DF J    . fzy x  $$&$`6.3zy x  $$&$`6о.3#)*zy x  $$&$`6 .3zR   33Wingdingsz>B@# 33cMobilit dell'utente: l'utente dovrebbe poter vedere lo stesso ambiente da qualunque postazione lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    f((Mzy x  $$&$`6.3zR   33Wingdingsz>B@#M33_Trasparenza: l'utente non dovrebbe poter distinguere fra i due n fra risorse locali e remote lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    b( (Szy x  $$&$`6ý.3 +.145zy x  $$&$`6.3u$Michele Di Cosmo 6flopzy x  $$&$`6 33zR  23- Arial-z>B@# 33Servizi di rete VACalibri$@DF HJ    "l  zR  t.3%Courier Newz>B@#U23 Socket VACalibri$@DF HJ     lz? ;>"a33ЌzO—iʤo$=G6 gFfCriqEN8])$=PV5%eCt?rǘVPȏ/NZ v"b眣\ Ahh@ <p> <span style='font-size:13pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> Stream <br/> (TCP) <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:13pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> packet in seq. (Stream con <br/> confi ni <br/> riservati) <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:13pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> Datagramm i <br/> (Dim var., <br/> preservano <br/> confini) <br/> (U Dp) <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:13pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> Datagram m i affidabili <br/> (non <br/> implementato) <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";'> RAW <br/> </span><span style='font-size:12pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> (Ethernet) <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:11pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";font-weight:bold;font-style:italic;'> I <br/> <br/> </span></p> <br/> <table border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook:480;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext;mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid windowtext'> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0'> <td > <p> <span style='font-size:47pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> Soc <br/> <br/> </span></p> </td> <td > <p> <span style='font-size:47pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> ket <br/> <br/> </span></p> </td> </tr> </table> <br/> Soc ket Stream (TCP) packet in seq. (Stream con confi ni riservati) Datagramm i (Dim var., preservano confini) (U Dp) Datagram m i affidabili (non implementato) RAW (Ethernet) IA@0R?ĩ?\?@iG?`?Tg?\?{n@X?v,?~O@0R@8?f? @iG@?? AnS@@S? 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RACalibri @DF J    ,hzy x  $$&$`6Һ.3zR  33Wingdingsz>B@#33-Rappresentano un endpoint di comunicazione lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    ^0"(((zy x  $$&$`633u$Michele Di Cosmo  zy x  $$&$`6w.3z? ;>"a33ЌzO—iʤo$=G6 gFf wphq9= 輖5x&'!?8 Ȍ俇OY7ݑ}h& _0*]uI;7I6}zR]R{~~+.AiA<p> <span style='font-size:11pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> Fisico <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:35pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";font-style:italic;'> <u>I </u><br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:11pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> Data&#45;Link <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:72pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> &gt; <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:11pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> Frame <br/> \ Errori dello <br/> stratofisico (msg di dim. <br/> fissa) <br/> Instra da <br/> Fornisce <br/> pa cc hetti <br/> connessioni (host e path) <br/> Partiziona i <br/> Accesso a <br/> msg in <br/> basso livello <br/> packet <br/> Impi. sessioni (comunicazioni fra processi) <br/> Risolve le differenze fra i formati diversi (es. caratteri) <br/> Trasferimeto Login <br/> file remoto <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:11pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> &gt;rntazione <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:11pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> Riordina i packet <br/> Pagine Web <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:11pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> Applicazione <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:11pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> Genera il <br/> MAC <br/> E&#45;Mail... <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:7pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";font-weight:bold;'> r <br/> <br/> </span></p> <br/> <table border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook:480;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext;mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid windowtext'> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0'> <td > <p> <span style='font-size:22pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> &#8220; <br/> <br/> </span></p> </td> <td > </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0'> <td > </td> <td > <p> <span style='font-size:11pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> Rete <br/> <br/> </span></p> </td> </tr> </table> <br/> jFisico I Data-Link  Rete > Frame \ Errori dello stratofisico (msg di dim. fissa) Instra da Fornisce pa cc hetti connessioni (host e path) Partiziona i Accesso a msg in basso livello packet Impi. sessioni (comunicazioni fra processi) Risolve le differenze fra i formati diversi (es. caratteri) Trasferimeto Login file remoto >rntazione Riordina i packet Pagine Web Applicazione Genera il MAC E-Mail... r "@?0?VUE?j>*>UUU?UU%?*??@?>UU>\@>>?~@?j>@@\@TU5??X@UU?@A>UUA4@?AUU@XU?UU@?UU(A?>=AUU@?UU@J@2A==!?0?VUE?j>*>UUU?UU%?*??@?>UU>\@>>?~@?j>@@\@TU5??@UU?PUU?XUU>X@UU @@j>~@UU@@XU> UU@,@*?XU>@f@?j>@t@?`UU>@~@?XU>~@@@>UU@@?@UU>@@?`UU>@@Z?>|@UU@?j>@UU@Z?`U>!|@@x@PU>"UU@@?PU>%@UU AP@j>'UU}@UUAUUu@`U>,x@%Ar@@U>0@+AR@j>2>UUA4@?4UUAUU@XU?j>5AUU@PUU?`U>7A(AXU?@U>8?UU(A?>:=AUU@?j>;BA@?`UU>=>A(A?j>>J@2A==??0?VUE?j>*>UUU?UU%?*??@?> UU>\@>>?~@?j>@@\@TU5??@UU?PUU?XUU>"X@UU @j>`UU>)@ @@?PUU>+UU@UU @XU%?j>2~@UU!@VU?j>9@UU@ ?XU>FUU@UU@`UU>j>KUU@UU@?j>NUU@,@*?XU>T@h@:?PUU>\UU@f@`U>j>c@t@?`UU>g@@PU>`UU>qUU@@>`U>t@~@PU?j>w~@@?`UU>~UU@@XU%?PU>UU@UU@>`U>UU@@XU%?PU>UU@@XU?@UU>A@*=@UU>@@TU?`UU>@@>`U>@@PU?@UU>@@j>@UU>|@UU@:?j>@UU@J?j>@UU@Z?`U>|@@XU%?PU>@UU@?>@@@PU>UU@@>j>@@TU?PU>@UU APUe?j>@UU A@UU>j>@UU A?j> @UU APU>j>UU@ A*=@UU>UU}@UUAz?j>UU@UUAZ?j>$@UUA>`U>,UU@UUA?`U>1x@%A?j>=UU@&A0?>J@+APU>j>Q@UU,Az?@>V>UUA4@?^UUAUU@?j>jUU'A@*=`UU>sAUU@PUU?`U>vA)A`?>~UU!A(A`U?j>?UU(A?>=A@PUu?`UU>NAUU@>j>BA@?`UU>>A(A?j>J@2A== n=mB3I,PNG  IHDR1qsRGBIDATx^ |E_fr9CSD(*"2,ƿ讲#º,Q ri0#xqI ES===wLwOӯySSΧꪐV@H $4BXQ$@H@ $@p@"$@k $@pǞ9BBBXhIt $4NJA80rf{ο#ģ5GH xIqF{i+DZc}ZU%("$%gƺڋ.iܵ++￵c c#z ۹~l2і|ųr}bs $ X CCC?uMfM %%(l $qVq??Nu&!hCڦNJ#$!`t 777èMM˗/]?u>9xb0r=R{.7+G-#$x?GDD@߶m[07X:JJ?`Z+PuPU.o(DkH &xM_kuk2t $+NGUx\.ʿ0#@H 8X_XgS *L~TY}j^5P}E*(Ғ㳞eDDH $~_0Pa$8_Rt)0-@H H~Lq^,}q}g;?\ܕPRzqG GH  q?YѿVX6L}W$+ yn؈@H -Oߩ&nk)GKP5:@H@Mj3lMʿ (,QôH $5{ClcH Ux._ѿ*A!={ $wVO@AhVRr蹿WU+pZ>H $q?kU叻_0/gX$ȣ._uS0PlL[0W5C4;rj+?kڈJ9A@JY]ȿܺ'& y2 v+{s߾pm%g6AoD~, $6opÓN,WN.7nwAjKg*q~g7Yq5;4j|=o8' $Y$o TX} 豶gno]!LbtX&!$fkNF%?aw4V $RBߤx/6_-r_Ήq7.TVoq*h2`&[dw˸<9k=?a09ֳg/ydIo%s5ןɿ^9@H bbb|||IM]|i[N?.tb ᠼ۟<~U8o$<kPAG:;dsXO*}Cn,(![EO;$*qFcc#Nkjh?/:.**ڕ+K7)61"g&ܾۏ`aBc{۞5UZȨgڏq?@H $gwnS,QqJ aMl?=ƾsn^CHɫLbKo/ -5gONq_R:® k*CQ-z}a] 5BH ;oKKٗ-ox}6c/{uvxXL&OS[ؓ͋Ym,--ݣ P.` H u (ڸ[ խ&@kdd럦 1hӦ ΠŇ@~E@q0 V ~b-@ZBH  (ܸox fSca#8Q@$ߗMlV۠k/$̅¯Dkk_^h $/Y?C _WD1j_H  ȯDW3B̍_2k?'8pB p##æMLj?[pN@Ng_\dd8 }CH (O@6o6K`?g{!$< (0`~Ͷ:P Ɇ/~~u=Ǣ͈ Hi@J['~^"z= f[CH N+gx(7#(iaB$@0\y#~^)!(Zm $Cj?'_߇h*'p_ ~!$|EQ}ZE S"$丟kJˆ_ !$|K@¿}n.JǠku1$H~^-Ԁ#079⢢"""B!$bQrAFB@' *g1}9 Rv=CH h{_Ӑ芐^7#=@H h?+E_GGI6(>b"$+煿#~Ͷ^¯Aǐ@$T9_w(l9^ēկAǐ@$XY?¯FcQ@@H@h?/kXo4@@H@lv;]> eGH xJVyUO b> ס+#$CT__ʪꆆf*AEBCCu:]LLLBB.MN"$4HJ!r˗kjj]¯fO\\||<ĵ5:@H8~A0ZC@h$ C?>Ĉ_S<=(j t $/cG5Җ&0'F@H k!yGfWH  ~?:@H $*2&CH $j`# $X8/xZ}@H ;w`V{]k^H  Xo%?=~}T֖n:2 Z _!BH 9KBGcc#t.L}Algatd.6Bǐ@%`;׏ a].BnѬAXU݉-GA>9 >@H H"`~~8X5֋:4!I0jQU!$UkGGGn1}" PeP1*H ؾȰV~K癐/EU),I j쿲fmHiKNJHO}RIC#2Q|tr\L=׵b#MU'N _x }c1;cSK' ic I//U222l(Sv8 Vt9"" kMUeU'"#076˰ wC`H?BãuWB2j. e9$dh?@_&CW62p,. 8~7ѿ/ N1WuPՠ,(_eX\`pөEkތg;op_nTa'_MSrq_9h9~T(Z~_ OUmZ_e'&x?>>m۶sk}_V;ᑑ ݻokO5gUUx.;FHhO [IkճuX#$(QzTDrh@UM(:f)&ƞ7:Э# +6y]9WA6%Iϳd$Ԗ4:f)ʿ*5Di?0p,H5(}RkBϭѿr?A}O;PV_O0=y++xb9^%oӔgBj: AQs}icZ|tA~(3EAF@F3~4Htвʿrw4.RxcfQ)<ɫ>0vL+T|2}{,APwSatn a'6.S7' A]T}_mPչ5-0$@g{7.ЭI?i;-X';Pnp=1xR74w+bxh x?둩6 Tؿ2oߡeulo]^~)).&\dbD&0]`#YN _bcar$@ܯeʛ7EhI 1n^ H9.o~rKݵkwGBvf{JՙMSisҝ\qUGsrӬͦ1Ӵee:GWnxw{,K…]SN/.p4k48qQ7T߃Û,(ü@@6w* 1l{k%1z$$E'RZeoX̌5?96Vg$k Yq@# ;nэ2w_ܳ]xhSiqC r}nKm2_%X}bþj|OҐ Y+ f ׬3clpkߜ@ew#QU~VURbּM-Ad~96I֩PROw׿w7|>)& vytZ{mm<o댬=D&skGkJRs:3Si:H5-2@1~.c3YsIhnHWzgy_}t?+^RbwƼ x5 x 09YEuYpv. =ӓ5t;㠠7l\"/NdFB-&_7⛄mcR1Qr.㛚hT%o+yn`U+*>}~.t+ ꕤUQ5'ي;\[1-tsp:bԳ3Pߡþy>&{7SgÔqoeiqK` 3]?Y8|܋ե?[rӳ|> i/rqujcF@)w&#H?](TMc{Lߵ+:ADGݵZ.LO}jÔ/kj&1b:Z]?hPGl.U+|7cvx_~Dbd?u:$o+P 6lW?=VYhmiY&몗H]gGW/; 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Molto usato l'ipercubo (2p=log2 nodi) kPlACalibri:@DF J @DF J    \"(O(( ΀22Z'DIekL2MD|}zy x  $$&$`6.3zR  R.3Wingdingsz>B@#23YComputer separati, senza memoria condivisa, che comunicano (ad es. Ethernet: clusters) lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    \(:(yzzy x  $$&$`6Y.3x{~zy x  $$&$`69.3wzy x  $$`6n23zR  .3- Arial-z>B@#r23Multicomputer VACalibri$@DF HJ    lz>B@#g33Sistemi debolmente accoppiati RACalibri @DF J    0"hszy x  $$`6a33rtuzy x  $$&$`6.3pz? ;>"a33ЌzO—iʤo$=G6 gFf`OW gԌCoEHJ}$Fu,mpߢ-8^-l# *vHe+{EaLs+j\2wgݰDc>{w}QmRA@<p> <span style='font-size:6pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";font-weight:bold;font-style:italic;'> A <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:6pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> I. <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:14pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> (stesso BUS memoria) I (problemi di coerenza <br/> fra memorie) <br/> (Massimo 16 CPU) <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:45pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> I <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:28pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> so <br/> </span><span style='font-size:21pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> (indipendenti, no loadb balancin,? dati privati, problemi <br/> di coerenza) <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:28pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> M ultiprocessore <br/> (stessa macchina, tanti processori, memoria privata e condivisa) <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:28pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> fr </span><span style='font-size:15pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> (1y) (memoria locale e remota, pi lenta) <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:6pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";font-weight:bold;font-style:italic;'> <u>h </span><span style='font-size:6pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> L&quot;A </span><span style='font-size:5pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";font-weight:bold;'> IA </span><span style='font-size:5pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";font-weight:bold;font-style:italic;'> T, </u><br/> </span><span style='font-size:14pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> (Come NUMA, ma con una canche locale <br/> della remota) <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:13pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> Master </span><span style='font-size:4pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> &#45; </span><span style='font-size:13pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> Slave (Il master i thread di <br/> sistema, mem. <br/> centralizzata) <br/> <br/> </span></p> <p> <span style='font-size:14pt;font-family:"Helvetica, sans-serif";'> SMP <br/> Simmetr <br/> </span><span style='font-size:42pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> 1Z0&#8217;J <br/> <br/> </span></p> <br/> <table border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook:480;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext;mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid windowtext'> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0'> <td > <p> <span style='font-size:21pt;font-family:"Helvetica Narrow";'> rchitettura <br/> <br/> </span></p> </td> </tr> </table> <br/> A I. (stesso BUS memoria) I (problemi di coerenza fra memorie) (Massimo 16 CPU) I so (indipendenti, no loadb balancin,? dati privati, problemi di coerenza) M ultiprocessore (stessa macchina, tanti processori, memoria privata e condivisa) rchitettura fr (1y) (memoria locale e remota, pi lenta) h L"A IA T, (Come NUMA, ma con una canche locale della remota) Master - Slave (Il master i thread di sistema, mem. centralizzata) SMP Simmetr 1Z0 J GX>X>6=6=@AX>=6=X=wA{n@0?1NAAi@W>4W?8UA&N}@~@@'?[b?ԟAd? tK@@ 4@> %@A0R@?# AAP^@? UAwAH@~?AAAX@|n @X>X>6=6=@AX>=6=d>wAFZ@v>X=ffA{n@@>?{Aڱ@v> v,?8A5@>> 1NAAi@W>4W? 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H -P+I-P` J-P-K-P L-P` M -P N -P%O-P P-PQ-P` R-P,S-P T-P` U -P V -P"W-P X-PH.Y-P Z-P [ -PP \ -P0]-P ^-P8 _ -P(`-P a-PX+b-P c-P ,d-PP  e-P  f -P  g -PP ,h-P  i-P &j-Px  k-P(  l -Pp7m-P n-P o-P p-Px q,-Pr -Pt-Px s -Pu-Pv -Py-Px-PP w -PP z-P}-P|-P { -P~Y0 Y0 d"K3‹zV% `}JK!]{$$K3‹zV&p}JK!]{耀m][%`H칚!$`8>\8Y 7(˝(`AEhG x`,-P^ 0-P^ 7-PP]( -P\ -P\o0_XK3‹ z @#}01313.41 RACalibri @CF J     h zy x  $$ 4`6/3u$Michele Di Cosmo u$Michele Di Cosmo z @#}013marted 20 marzo 2007 RACalibri @CF J    (h zy x  $$ 4`6/3u$Michele Di Cosmo u$Michele Di Cosmo z $  4 >`6}}?@?@?? z@#013#16 - Sicurezza (appunti generali) hACalibriB@CDTF J @CDTF J   F&((~ zy x  $$`6/3u$Michele Di Cosmo z $  >`6}}?@?@??@ z> $`6 zR  U13- Arial-z>B@#33Codice mobile VACalibri$@DF HJ    lzR  U13%Courier Newz>B@#U13=Viene eseguito in modo sicuro usando le seguenti tecniche: PACalibri@DF J    N@fzR  U13Wingdingsz>B@#33Firma RACalibri @DF J     h zy x  $$&$`6U13zR  U13Wingdingsz>B@#33kInterpretazione (ogni istruzione viene controllata prima di essere eseguita, ad esempio Java nei browser) lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    n(([zy x  $$&$`6U13zR  U13Wingdingsz>B@#33Sandbox (1 per il codice (bloccata), 1 per i dati; inoltre vengono controllati i riferimenti alla memoria in modo da isolare l'applicazione, sia nell'accesso ai dati, sia nell'esecuzione) lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    ((zy x  $$&$`6U13zy x  $$&$`6U13zy x  $$&$`6U13zR  [213- Arial-z>B@#33Crittografia VACalibri$@DF HJ    lzR  213%Courier Newz>B@#213RSA PACalibri@DF J    fzy x  $$&$`6213zR  213%Courier Newz>B@#213!Crittografia a chiave pubblica PACalibri@DF J    2$fzy x  $$&$`6213zR  ~213%Courier Newz>B@#213Data encryption standard PACalibri@DF J    ,f zy x  $$&$`6213zy x  $$&$`6\213zR  T13- Arial-z>B@#33 Antivirus VACalibri$@DF HJ    lzR   U13%Courier Newz>B@#U13'Controllo delle system call sospette PACalibri@DF J    8*fzy x  $$&$`6 U13zR  U13%Courier Newz>B@# U13 Checksum PACalibri@DF J    fzy x  $$&$`6 U13zR  U13%Courier Newz>B@#U13Firma PACalibri@DF J     fzy x  $$&$`6U13zy x  $$&$`6T13zR  013- Arial-z>B@#33 Attacchi VACalibri$@DF HJ    lzR  SS13%Courier Newz>B@#33 Esterni VACalibri$@DF HJ     lzR  TS13Wingdingsz>B@#S13CVirus (il periodo di diffusione senza attacco si chiama payload) PACalibri@DF J    TFfzR  T13% Arial z>B@#T13 Tecniche PACalibri@DF J    fzR  7U13Wingdings 2"z>B@#33SMutation engine (modificano l'ordine delle istruzioni senza modificare l'effetto) lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    zV((Czy x  $$&$`6;U13zR  &U13Wingdings 2"z>B@#33'Inserimento di istruzioni NOP o ADD 0 RACalibri @DF J    8*hzy x  $$&$`6.U13zR  U13Wingdings 2"z>B@#33Criptazoine del codice RACalibri @DF J    *h~zy x  $$&$`6!U13zR  T13Wingdings 2"z>B@#33Compressione del codice RACalibri @DF J    *h{|zy x  $$&$`6T13z}zy x  $$&$`6T13zR  T13% Arial z>B@#T13Tipi PACalibri@DF J     fzR  T13Wingdings 2"z>B@#T13 Source code PACalibri@DF J    fuvzy x  $$&$`6S13zR  T13Wingdings 2"z>B@#S13Macro PACalibri@DF J     frszy x  $$&$`6S13zR  T13Wingdings 2"z>B@#33Del device driver PACalibri@DF J    $fopzy x  $$&$`6S13zR  T13Wingdings 2"z>B@#S13Del settore di boot PACalibri@DF J    &flmzy x  $$&$`6S13zR  T13Wingdings 2"z>B@#S13Residenti in memoria PACalibri@DF J    (fijzy x  $$&$`6S13zR  T13Wingdings 2"z>B@#S13Su eseguibili PACalibri@DF J    fzR  T13%Tahomaz>B@#T13Parasitic virus PACalibri@DF J    "fdezy x  $$&$`6T13zR  T13%Tahomaz>B@#T13Overwriting virus PACalibri@DF J    $fabzy x  $$&$`6T13`cfgzy x  $$&$`6S13zR  T13Wingdings 2"z>B@#T13 Companion PACalibri@DF J    fzR  T13%Tahomaz>B@# T13 Non infetta PACalibri@DF J    f[\zy x  $$&$`6 T13zR  T13%Tahomaz>B@#T13si basa sul fatto che l'esecuzione con estensione implicita cerca prima i .com e poi i .exe: sufficiente creare un .com; oppure modificando i link PACalibri@DF J    ((fXYzy x  $$&$`6T13WZ]^zy x  $$&$`6S13 V_hknqtwxzy x  $$&$`6T13Uyzy x  $$&$`6213zR  TS13Wingdingsz>B@#213Worms PACalibri@DF J     fRSzy x  $$&$`6 213QTzy x  $$&$`6SS13zR  KS13%Courier Newz>B@#33 Interni VACalibri$@DF HJ     lzR  PS13Wingdingsz>B@#PS13"Bombe logiche" PACalibri@DF J    "fLMzy x  $$&$`6PS13zR  NS13Wingdingsz>B@#013Buffer overflow PACalibri@DF J    "fIJzy x  $$&$`6013zR  MS13Wingdingsz>B@#013 Trap door PACalibri@DF J    fFGzy x  $$&$`6013zR  MS13Wingdingsz>B@#R13Trojan horse PACalibri@DF J    fCDzy x  $$&$`6013BEHKNOzy x  $$&$`6LS13APzy x  $$&$`6013zR  013- Arial-z>B@#33Autenticazione VACalibri$@DF HJ    "lzR  R13%Courier Newz>B@#33'Biometrica (richiede sempre un login) lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    N*( (<=zy x  $$&$`6R13zR   R13%Courier Newz>B@#33 Schede RACalibri @DF J     hzR  R13Wingdingsz>B@#+R13!Chip card (circuito integrato) PACalibri@DF J    2$fzR  @R13% Arial z>B@#{R13_Smart Card (CPU a 8 bit a 4MHz, ROM 16KB, EEPROM 4KB, RAM 512 byte, Transefer rate 9600 bps) PACalibri@DF J    pbf [56zy x  $$&$`6@R13zR  ,R13% Arial z>B@#B@#9R13Schede magnetiche (~140 byte) PACalibri@DF J    0"f./zy x  $$&$`6R13-09:zy x  $$&$`6 R13zR  Q13%Courier Newz>B@#33WChallenge-response (l'algoritmo di cifratura cambia in base a determinate condizioni) lACalibri:@DF J @DF J    ~Z((D*+zy x  $$&$`6Q13zR  P13%Courier Newz>B@#33 Password RACalibri @DF J    hzR  vQ13Wingdingsz>B@#Q13COne-time password (per le comunicazioni, o per i servizi bancari) PACalibri@DF J    TFf%&zy x  $$&$`6zQ13zR  P13Wingdingsz>B@#P13 Salting PACalibri@DF J     f"#zy x  $$&$`6P13zR  P13Wingdingsz>B@#P13#Hashing della password (MD5, SHA) PACalibri@DF J    4&f zy x  $$&$`6P13!$'(zy x  $$&$`6P13),;>?zy x  $$&$`6013zR  013- Arial-z@#33 Sicurezza JACalibri$@DF HJ   `zR  013%Courier Newz>B@#33Perdita di dati (incendi) RACalibri @DF J    ,hzy x  $$&$`6013zR  013%Courier Newz>B@#33+Controllo sulla modifica / cancellazione RACalibri @DF J    <.hzy x  $$&$`6013zR  013%Courier Newz>B@#33Controllo degli accessi RACalibri @DF J    *hzy x  $$&$`6013zy x  $$&$`6013u$Michele Di Cosmo @ z $  `6?@?@?PA?+{?@  z $$uNOLM<0_$`6$Michele Di Cosmo PAA@@????>>+{?>:I;G'G6b C0w $0eRJWAkavֲ̠XjD16 - Sicurezza (appunti generali)zV&-P@\  -P[  -PZ -PZ -PHZ  -P8Y"-PX -PX  -PW -P8W -PhV-PV -PU  -PXU  -PU  -PT!-PS -P`S ! -PxR"-P(R #-PQ $ -PP%%-P`P &-PpO'-PO (-PN ) -P`M-*-PM +-PL , -P`L - -P`K .-PK /-PJ 0 -PhJ 1 -P`I!2-PI 3-PH 4 -PG)5-P8G 6-P8F 7-PE 8-PD9-PD :-PPD ; 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